powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution.

powers that Congress adopts as natural extensions of their expressed powers = increase in power of congress

an item introduced in Congress that is being considered to be passed as a law

power to control the budget/spending of the government, Congress has this power in the U.S.

a two house legislature

a system built into the Constitution that allows each of the three branches of government to have a way to check the power of the other branch = no branch can have too much power

A directive, order, or regulation issued by the president. Executive orders are based on constitutional or statutory authority and have the force of law.

An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary.

the presidential power to formally recognize the legitimacy of a foreign government

Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature

presidential power to formally postpone an execution of a sentence imposed by a court of law

presidential power to officially forgive someone of a crime they may have committed

an official pardon for a group of people who have violated a law or policy

to reduce a criminal's sentence

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

A decision made by a higher court such as a circuit court of appeals or the Supreme Court that is binding on all other federal courts.

The right & power to make decisions in a particular area. Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Before a federal court can hear a case it must establish that it has the power to hear this type of case (primary jurisdiction is to hear cases involving the federal constitution and/or federal law).

authority of only federal courts to hear and decide cases

The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case.

a statement that presents the views of the majority of supreme court justices regarding a case

An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning.

A statement written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion, presenting his or her opinion

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

Right to bear arms

Restricts quartering of troops in private homes.

No "unreasonable" searches and seizures without a warrant or probable cause that a search will produce evidence of a crime; Exclusionary Rule.

Right of Accused Persons/ Indictment of Grand Jury (1) No Self-Incrimination (Miranda) (2) No Double Jeopardy (defendant cannot be tried again on the same, or similar charges) (3) No deprivation of life liberty or property without "due process of law" (fair treatment) (4) Eminent domain

The right to counsel in criminal trials (1) Speedy and public trial (2) Accused must be told charges (3) right to counsel (free lawyer if poor) (4) right to jury in criminal cases

Right to jury in civil trials.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

Powers Reserved to the States

Freedoms to think and act without government interference or fear of unfair legal treatment

Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.

Injustice, complaint

reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion

A court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect's home or business and take specific items as evidence

A crime for which the death sentence can be imposed

Being tried twice for the same crime

principle in the 5th Amendment stating that the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals

Allows the govt to take property for public use but also requires the govt to provide just compensation for that property

A legal system based on custom and court rulings

A sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial

punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or other forms of punishment too severe for the crime committed

Powers given to the state government alone

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Abolished Slavery

(1) All persons born in the U.S. are citizens; (2) no person can be deprived of life, liberty or property without DUE PROCESS OF LAW; (3) no state can deprive a person of EQUAL PROTECTION of the laws. Second of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War.

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote b/c of race, color , or previous condition of servitude

Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880s and enforced through the 1950's. Also evolved into the unwritten rules of culture that blacks in the South must follow.

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans. Challenged many laws in court.

First major piece of legislation passed by Congress in regards to civil rights since the Reconstruction era.

First successful large scale protest, in 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal

Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters at the Woolworth. RESULT: Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters. Organic protests that spread to college towns across the south

Outlawed segregation in public areas on basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, including businesses that engaged in interstate commerce. Created the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission.

Early 1965, MLK and SCLC organized a major campaign in Selma, Alabama to pressure the federal government to enact voting rights legislation. There were serious confrontations, one of which that is known as "bloody Sunday" when armed state troopers & other authorizes attacked marchers. On March 15, 1965, President Johnson went on national television, called for a strong federal voting rights law

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks

Delivered by MLK at the March on Washington. He discussed three main themes: the current state of African Americans, the nonviolent movement, and his vision for the future of America.

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

Spurred by Malcolm X and other black leaders, a call for black pride and advancement without the help of whites; this appeared to be a repudiation of the calls for peaceful integration urged by MLK.

Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. The Panthers represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement

Statement of beliefs of the Black Panther Party.

news that is not real, falling into three main categories: intentionally fake, misleading, and satire.

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Intentionally making fun of something, often by means of false information.