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Claro 1 Unit 5

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Claro 1, Module 5

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Lesson 1: Continental Drift Theory and the Evidences that support the Theory Continental drift describes one of the earliest ways geologists thought continents moved over time. Today, the theory of continental drift has been replaced by the science of plate tectonics. The theory of continental drift is most associated with the scientist Alfred Wegener. In the early 20th century, Wegener published a paper explaining his theory that the continental landmasses were “drifting” across the Earth, sometimes plowing through oceans and into each other. He called this movement continental drift. Pangaea Wegener was convinced that all of Earth’s continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener, trained as an astronomer, used biology, botany, and geology describe Pangaea and continental drift. For example, fossils of the ancient reptile mesosaurus are only found in southern Africa and South America. Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile only one meter (3.3 feet) long, could not have swum the Atlantic Ocean. The presence of mesosaurus suggests a single habitat with many lakes and rivers. Wegener also studied plant fossils from the frigid Arctic Archipelago of Svalbard, Norway. These plants were not the hardy specimens adapted to survive in the Arctic climate. These fossils were of tropical plants, which are adapted to a much warmer, more humid environment. The presence of these fossils suggests Svalbard once had a tropical climate. Finally, Wegener studied the stratigraphy of different rocks and mountain ranges. The east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa seem to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, and Wegener discovered their rock layers “fit” just as clearly. South America and Africa were not the only continents with similar geology. Wegener discovered that the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, for instance, were geologically related to the Caledonian Mountains of Scotland. Pangaea existed about 240 million years ago. By about 200 million years ago, this supercontinent began breaking up. Over millions of years, Pangaea separated into pieces that moved away from one another. These pieces slowly assumed their positions as the continent we recognize today. Today, scientists think that several supercontinents like Pangaea have formed and broken up over the course of the Earth’s lifespan. These include Pannotia, which formed about 600 million years ago, and Rodinia, which existed more than a billion years ago. Tectonic Activity Scientists did not accept Wegener’s theory of continental drift. One of the elements lacking in the theory was the mechanism for how it works—why did the continents drift and what patterns did they follow? Wegener suggested that perhaps the rotation of the Earth caused the continents to shift towards and apart from each other. (It doesn't.) Today, we know that the continents rest on massive slabs of rock called tectonic plates. The plates are always moving and interacting in a process called plate tectonics. The continents are still moving today. Some of the most dynamic sites of tectonic activity are seafloor spreading zones and giant rift valleys. In the process of seafloor spreading, molten rock rises from within the Earth and adds new seafloor (oceanic crust) to the edges of the old. Seafloor spreading is most dynamic along giant underwater mountain ranges known as mid-ocean ridges. As the seafloor grows wider, the continents on opposite sides of the ridge move away from each other. The North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, for example, are separated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The two continents are moving away from each other at the rate of about 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) per year. Rift valleys are sites where a continental landmass is ripping itself apart. Africa, for example, will eventually split along the Great Rift Valley system. What is now a single continent will emerge as two—one on the African plate and the other on the smaller Somali plate. The new Somali continent will be mostly oceanic, with the Horn of Africa and Madagascar its largest landmasses. The processes of seafloor spreading, rift valley formation, and subduction (where heavier tectonic plates sink beneath lighter ones) were not well-established until the 1960s. These processes were the main geologic forces behind what Wegener recognized as continental drift.

1. ¿Cuál de las siguientes opciones describe mejor al cuestionario como instrumento de investigación? A) Es un método cualitativo para observar comportamientos en situaciones naturales. B) Es una guía estructurada utilizada exclusivamente en entrevistas. C) Es un conjunto de preguntas que permiten recolectar datos de forma estructurada. D) Es una escala que mide habilidades cognitivas en entornos experimentales. Respuesta: C 2. ¿Qué tipo de cuestionario permite respuestas libres, sin opciones predefinidas? A) Cerrado B) Abierto C) Mixto D) Escalar Respuesta: B 3. ¿Cuál es una ventaja principal del cuestionario cerrado? A) Permite mayor profundidad en las respuestas. B) Facilita el análisis estadístico. C) Reduce el número de participantes. D) Elimina el sesgo del investigador. Respuesta: B 4. Un cuestionario mixto se caracteriza por: A) Utilizar únicamente preguntas con alternativas fijas. B) Combinar preguntas abiertas y cerradas. C) Ser utilizado solo en entrevistas en profundidad. D) Permitir exclusivamente respuestas en escala Likert. Respuesta: B 5. ¿Cuál de los siguientes aspectos debe considerarse en la elaboración de un cuestionario? A) Aplicar preguntas ambiguas para estimular la reflexión. B) Incluir términos técnicos sin explicar. C) Redactar ítems claros y específicos. D) Priorizar la extensión del cuestionario. Respuesta: C 6. ¿Qué tipo de escala se usa comúnmente en los cuestionarios para medir actitudes? A) Escala cronológica B) Escala ordinal de frecuencia C) Escala de Likert D) Escala de Thurstone Respuesta: C 7. ¿Cuál de las siguientes es una desventaja de los cuestionarios? A) Requieren mucho tiempo para aplicarse. B) Limitan el acceso a datos cuantificables. C) No permiten anonimato. D) Existe el riesgo de respuestas poco sinceras. Respuesta: D 8. ¿Cuál es la función principal del cuestionario en una investigación? A) Aplicar pruebas psicológicas validadas. B) Guiar entrevistas estructuradas. C) Obtener datos sistematizados de una muestra. D) Evaluar la capacidad argumentativa del participante. Respuesta: C 9. ¿En qué etapa del proceso de investigación se recomienda validar un cuestionario? A) Después de aplicar a toda la muestra. B) Antes de la formulación del problema. C) Durante la etapa piloto o prueba preliminar. D) Después del análisis de resultados. Respuesta: C 10. ¿Cuál es el objetivo de la prueba piloto de un cuestionario? A) Confirmar los resultados obtenidos en la investigación. B) Determinar la relación entre variables. C) Evaluar la confiabilidad y claridad del instrumento. D) Validar el marco teórico del estudio. Respuesta: C

Fase 2 – Quiz (10 domande) Domande storiche 1. Cos’è la Rivoluzione francese? A. Una guerra tra stati B. Un cambiamento politico e sociale in Francia C. Una riforma economica D. Un trattato internazionale Risposta corretta: B 2. In che anno inizia la Rivoluzione francese? A. 1776 B. 1789 C. 1815 D. 1804 Risposta: B 3. Quale valore NON appartiene alla Rivoluzione francese? A. Libertà B. Uguaglianza C. Fraternità D. Monarchia assoluta Risposta: D 4. Chi era il re durante la Rivoluzione? A. Carlo XIV B. Mario XV C. Luigi XVI D. Napoleone Risposta: C 5. Cosa succede al re Luigi XVI? A. Fugge B. Abdica C. Viene giustiziato D. Rimane al potere Risposta: C 6. Chi prende il potere dopo la fase rivoluzionaria? A. Il popolo B. La Chiesa C. Napoleone Bonaparte D. L’Inghilterra Risposta: C 7. Quale evento segna l’inizio simbolico della Rivoluzione francese? A. La presa della Bastiglia B. L’incoronazione di Napoleone C. Il Congresso di Vienna D. La fuga del re Risposta corretta: A 8. Chi erano principalmente i protagonisti della Rivoluzione francese? A. I nobili B. Il clero C. Il Terzo Stato (popolo) D. I re europei Risposta corretta: C 9. Quale problema emerge dopo la Rivoluzione francese? A. Mancanza di idee B. Instabilità politica C. Assenza di conflitti D. Fine delle monarchie europee ✔️ Risposta: B 10. Qual è una conseguenza della Rivoluzione in Europa? A. Stabilità immediata B. Diffusione di idee rivoluzionarie C. Fine di tutte le monarchie D. Isolamento della Francia ✔️ Risposta: B

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