Claro 1 6.2 Los profes

1. ¿Cuál de las siguientes opciones describe mejor al cuestionario como instrumento de investigación? A) Es un método cualitativo para observar comportamientos en situaciones naturales. B) Es una guía estructurada utilizada exclusivamente en entrevistas. C) Es un conjunto de preguntas que permiten recolectar datos de forma estructurada. D) Es una escala que mide habilidades cognitivas en entornos experimentales. Respuesta: C 2. ¿Qué tipo de cuestionario permite respuestas libres, sin opciones predefinidas? A) Cerrado B) Abierto C) Mixto D) Escalar Respuesta: B 3. ¿Cuál es una ventaja principal del cuestionario cerrado? A) Permite mayor profundidad en las respuestas. B) Facilita el análisis estadístico. C) Reduce el número de participantes. D) Elimina el sesgo del investigador. Respuesta: B 4. Un cuestionario mixto se caracteriza por: A) Utilizar únicamente preguntas con alternativas fijas. B) Combinar preguntas abiertas y cerradas. C) Ser utilizado solo en entrevistas en profundidad. D) Permitir exclusivamente respuestas en escala Likert. Respuesta: B 5. ¿Cuál de los siguientes aspectos debe considerarse en la elaboración de un cuestionario? A) Aplicar preguntas ambiguas para estimular la reflexión. B) Incluir términos técnicos sin explicar. C) Redactar ítems claros y específicos. D) Priorizar la extensión del cuestionario. Respuesta: C 6. ¿Qué tipo de escala se usa comúnmente en los cuestionarios para medir actitudes? A) Escala cronológica B) Escala ordinal de frecuencia C) Escala de Likert D) Escala de Thurstone Respuesta: C 7. ¿Cuál de las siguientes es una desventaja de los cuestionarios? A) Requieren mucho tiempo para aplicarse. B) Limitan el acceso a datos cuantificables. C) No permiten anonimato. D) Existe el riesgo de respuestas poco sinceras. Respuesta: D 8. ¿Cuál es la función principal del cuestionario en una investigación? A) Aplicar pruebas psicológicas validadas. B) Guiar entrevistas estructuradas. C) Obtener datos sistematizados de una muestra. D) Evaluar la capacidad argumentativa del participante. Respuesta: C 9. ¿En qué etapa del proceso de investigación se recomienda validar un cuestionario? A) Después de aplicar a toda la muestra. B) Antes de la formulación del problema. C) Durante la etapa piloto o prueba preliminar. D) Después del análisis de resultados. Respuesta: C 10. ¿Cuál es el objetivo de la prueba piloto de un cuestionario? A) Confirmar los resultados obtenidos en la investigación. B) Determinar la relación entre variables. C) Evaluar la confiabilidad y claridad del instrumento. D) Validar el marco teórico del estudio. Respuesta: C

ACTIVIDAD 4. Descubre el mapa del agua en tu comunidad Te invitamos a convertirte en un explorador del agua. Ahora que ya aprendiste de dónde viene, cómo la usamos y por qué es tan importante cuidarla, es momento de mirar a tu alrededor y descubrir cómo el agua forma parte de tu vida diaria. Observa con atención tu comunidad y elabora un mapa del agua, donde muestres cómo se mueve el agua que está presente en tu entorno. Materiales sugeridos: • Hojas reutilizadas, cartulina o cuadernos. • Lápices, colores, marcadores o crayones. • Regla, adhesivos o recortes (opcional). ¿Qué debes hacer? En una hoja o cartulina, dibuja un mapa de tu comunidad o del entorno de tu escuela. No tiene que ser perfecto ni exacto, lo más importante es observar, pensar y representar lo que conoces. ¿Qué puedes incluir en tu mapa? • Lugares donde hay agua: Ríos, quebradas, lagunas, canales o el mar (si están cerca). Grifos, estanques, pozos o bebederos. Plantas de tratamiento de agua potable o de aguas residuales (si conoces alguna). • El recorrido del agua: Trata de averiguar de dónde viene el agua que llega a tu casa o escuela, cómo llega hasta ahí y qué pasa con el agua después de que es usada. • Cuidado del agua: Marca con dibujos o símbolos los lugares donde el agua se cuida, también indica los lugares donde podría desperdiciarse o contaminarse y añade ideas o acciones para proteger mejor el agua en tu comunidad. Reflexiona mientras dibujas: ¿De dónde viene el agua que usas cada día? ¿Qué acciones realizamos para no desperdiciarla? ¿Qué podríamos hacer para proteger mejor el agua en nuestra comunidad? Cuando termines tu mapa, compártelo con tus compañeros y cuéntales lo que descubriste sobre el agua. Juntos pueden crear un diario mural en la escuela para compartirlo con la comunidad y promover grandes cambios. 2.2.1 ¿Cómo funciona una planta potabilizadora? Para entender cómo el agua pasa de un río o un embalse hasta el grifo de tu casa siendo totalmente segura, podemos imaginar la planta potabilizadora como una gran fábrica de limpieza que utiliza procesos físicos y químicos, de acuerdo a los siguientes pasos: 1) Captación: El primer paso es extraer el agua de la fuente natural. En la entrada de la planta hay rejas de distintos tamaños que funcionan como un filtro gigante, separando objetos grandes como ramas, plásticos o piedras para evitar que dañen la maquinaria de la planta. 2) Coagulación y floculación: Se añaden sustancias químicas que facilitan la unión de las partículas pequeñas para que luego formen grumos más grandes, llamados flóculos, que son más fáciles de separar del agua. 3) Decantación: Una vez que la suciedad se ha agrupado en flóculos más pesados, el agua pasa a grandes tanques, donde por efecto de la gravedad, esos flóculos se depositan en el fondo y forman un lodo, mientras que el agua más limpia queda en la parte superior y continúa el proceso. 4) Filtración: Aunque el agua ya parezca limpia, aún puede tener impurezas muy pequeñas. Para eliminarlas, el agua atraviesa capas de arena y otros materiales como carbón activado, que actúan como filtros. 5) Desinfección: Este es el paso final para garantizar que el agua no nos enferme, pues se eliminan microorganismos, bacterias y virus, para ello se añade una cantidad controlada de cloro o se utiliza luz ultravioleta (UV) u ozono. 6) Análisis de laboratorio: Se realizan análisis físicos y químicos para asegurar la calidad del agua. Gracias a las plantas potabilizadoras y al trabajo de muchas personas, el agua llega a nuestras casas limpia y segura. Sin embargo, el agua es un recurso limitado. Aunque la tecnología de las plantas es muy avanzada, este proceso requiere mucha energía, conocimientos y cuidado, por lo que proteger y usar el agua de forma responsable es tarea de todos. Aprende más de la potabilización del agua con Veolia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmtDt2yHwnQ 2.3 Detectives del agua: ¿Qué pasa con el agua después de usarla? Después de usar el agua en casa, por ejemplo, al lavarnos las manos, ducharnos o utilizar el inodoro, el agua no desaparece. Se convierte en agua usada y comienza un nuevo recorrido dentro del ciclo urbano, tal como se mencionó anteriormente

Fase 2 – Quiz (10 domande) Domande storiche 1. Cos’è la Rivoluzione francese? A. Una guerra tra stati B. Un cambiamento politico e sociale in Francia C. Una riforma economica D. Un trattato internazionale Risposta corretta: B 2. In che anno inizia la Rivoluzione francese? A. 1776 B. 1789 C. 1815 D. 1804 Risposta: B 3. Quale valore NON appartiene alla Rivoluzione francese? A. Libertà B. Uguaglianza C. Fraternità D. Monarchia assoluta Risposta: D 4. Chi era il re durante la Rivoluzione? A. Carlo XIV B. Mario XV C. Luigi XVI D. Napoleone Risposta: C 5. Cosa succede al re Luigi XVI? A. Fugge B. Abdica C. Viene giustiziato D. Rimane al potere Risposta: C 6. Chi prende il potere dopo la fase rivoluzionaria? A. Il popolo B. La Chiesa C. Napoleone Bonaparte D. L’Inghilterra Risposta: C 7. Quale evento segna l’inizio simbolico della Rivoluzione francese? A. La presa della Bastiglia B. L’incoronazione di Napoleone C. Il Congresso di Vienna D. La fuga del re Risposta corretta: A 8. Chi erano principalmente i protagonisti della Rivoluzione francese? A. I nobili B. Il clero C. Il Terzo Stato (popolo) D. I re europei Risposta corretta: C 9. Quale problema emerge dopo la Rivoluzione francese? A. Mancanza di idee B. Instabilità politica C. Assenza di conflitti D. Fine delle monarchie europee ✔️ Risposta: B 10. Qual è una conseguenza della Rivoluzione in Europa? A. Stabilità immediata B. Diffusione di idee rivoluzionarie C. Fine di tutte le monarchie D. Isolamento della Francia ✔️ Risposta: B

WHAT IS SCIENCE? - is a way in which answers related to NATURAL events are proposed. - a way in which people can learn and UNDERSTAND events in the NATURAL WORLD - based on OBSERVABLE EVENTS - a study of the NATURAL WORLD - a method of DISCOVERY and UNDERSTANDING by using a PROBLEM-SOLVING process called the?? - A systematic body of knowledge based on observation and experimentation. FOUR COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE: 1. It focuses on the NATURAL WORLD. 2. Goes through experiment. 3. Relies on evidence. 4. Passes through the scientific community. WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY? Brian Arthur (2009) defined technology as: 1. a means to fulfill a human purpose 2. assemblage of practices and components 3. a collection of devices and engineering practices available to a culture. SOCIETY ST (Science Technology) would not exist without society. WHAT IS STS? Science and Technology and Society (STS) is the study of how society, politics and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation and how these, in turn affects society, politics and culture. EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THAT TRANSFORMED THE SOCIETY (IN THE WORLD) ANCIENT PERIOD 3500 BC. - 500 AD EUROPE - use of fire by Homo Erectus CA 750,000 - Stone Headed Spears CA 45,000 - Wooden bow and arrow CA 20,000 - The Minoans build palaces in Crete CA 2,000 THE AMERICAS - The Folsom people living on eastern side of the Rocky Mountain developed sophisticated tools CA 8,000. - Pottery is made in South America CA 6,000 - Olmec sculpture carves figurines and giant human heads. CA 1200 ASIA AND OCEANA - Earliest known clay pots are made in Japan CA 11,000. - Bronze is first made in Thailand CA 4000 - A lunar calendar is developed in China CA 2950 - Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture CA 2500 - The Hindu calendar of 360 days was introduced in India CA 1000 AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST - Homo erectus uses stone tools CA 1000000 - CA 15000 in Africa, bone harpoons are used for fishing. - Clay tokens are used for record keeping in Mesopotamia CA 7500 - Mesopotamian mathematicians discover the Pythagorean Theorem MEDIEVAL PERIOD CA 500 -1500 - Dark ages because few written records and evidences remained - Scholastic tradition was established by Charlemagne - Vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clock, water mills, gothic style were invented - Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press RENAISSANCE PERIOD 14TH – 17TH CENTURY - Rebirth of revival - Printing with movable type allowed Bible, secular books made in large amount - Nicolas Copernicus presented a heliocentric theory - Galileo Galilei invented telescope INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 18TH CENTURY - Skilled workers were set aside because of the machines - Iron production, steam engine and textile flourished - Scottish James Watt improved steam engine Robert Fulton (steam boat) - The following were invented: Light bulb, telephone, first steam powered locomotive 19TH CENTURY - Age of machine and tools - Herman Helmholtz (law of conservation of energy) - James Clark Maxwell (light as electro-magnetic wave) - Henry Becquerel (radioactivity) - Marie and Pierre Curie (radium) - Hans Christian Oersted (electric current near the magnet) - Michael Faraday (magnet produces electricity) - Atomic Theory proposed by John Dalton - Electron discovered by JJ. Thomson - Telegraph developed by Samuel Morse 20TH CENTURY - Communication, transportation, military research were developed - Personal computer was created - Intel developed microprocessor - Apple was introduced by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak - Internet was created (ARPANET) - Henry Ford's mass production of cars - Artificial Intelligence was invented SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (PHILIPPINE HISTORY) Stone Age - Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C. - Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan. Inventions - They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed method of sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 B.C. - By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery. Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese porcelain. Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments. Iron Age - The Iron Age lasted from the third century B.C. to 11th century A.D. During this period Filipinos were engaged in extraction smelting and refining of iron from ores, until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China. INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES - They learn to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice and dike fields of terraced fields utilizing spring water in mountain regions. - They also learned to build boats for trading purposes. - Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships called caracoa suited for interisland trade raids 10TH CENTURY A.D. - Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-I (Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to the Philippines. These archaeological findings indicated that regular trade relations between the Philippines, China and Vietnam had been well established from the 10th century to the 15th century A.D. TRADING - The People of Ma-I and San-Hsu (Palawan) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin. SOME PRESPANISH FILIPINO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Curative values of plants extract use as medicine - Alphabet (Alibata) - Counting Methods - Weights - Measuring system (isang gatang) - Calendar based on the periods of moon - Banaue Rice Terraces SPANISH REGIME  Religion the Catholic Church - The latter part of the 16th Century Development of schools: - Colegio de San Ildefonso-Cebu-1595 - Colegio de San Ignacio-Manila-1595 - Colegio De Nuestra Senora del Rosario-Manila 1597 - Colegio De San Jose-Manila-1601  Colegio De San Ildefonso De Cebu - In 1863 the colonial authorities issued a royal degree to reform the existing educational system. In 1871 the school of medicine and pharmacy were opened to UST, after 15 years it had granted the degree Of Licenciado En Medicina to 62 graduates.  Medicine - Development of hospitals San Juan Lazaro hospital the oldest in the far east was founded in 1578.  Roads and Bridges Among other Spanish contributions: - Arithmetic - Algebra - Geometry - Trigonometry - Physics - Hydrography - Meteorology - Navigation - Pilotage American Period and Post Commonwealth Era - BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES (1901) - BUREAU OF SCIENCE (1905) - INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE (1946) RA 2067 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE “SCIENCE ACT OF 1958”. - This was enacted to integrate, coordinate, and intensify scientific and technological research and development and to foster invention including allocation of funds and other purposes. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WAS ESTABLISHED ON DECEMBER 8, 1933. - Its Mandate (Nrcp) Promotes And Supports Fundamental Or Basic Research For The Continuing Total Improvement Of The Research Capability Of Individual Scientists Or Group Of Scientists; Provides Advice On Problems And Issues Of National Interest; Promotes Scientific And Technological Culture To All Sectors Of Society; And Fosters Linkages With Local And International Scientific Organizations For Enhanced Cooperation In The Development And Sharing Of Information NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WAS ESTABLISHED IN DECEMBER 8, 1933. - Its Mandate (NRCP) promotes and supports fundamental or basic research for the continuing total improvement of the research capability of individual scientists or group of scientists; provides advice on problems and issues of national interest; promotes scientific and technological culture to all sectors of society; and fosters linkages with local and international scientific organizations for enhanced cooperation in the development and sharing of information. It was during the American Period when Science was inclined towards: - Agriculture - Food Processing - Forestry - Medicine - Pharmacy - Nursing

Seafloor spreading is a geologic process in which tectonic plates—large slabs of Earth's lithosphere—split apart from each other. Seafloor spreading and other tectonic activity processes are the result of mantle convection. Mantle convection is the slow, churning motion of Earth’s mantle. Convection currents carry heat from the lower mantle and core to the lithosphere. Convection currents also “recycle” lithospheric materials back to the mantle. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries. As tectonic plates slowly move away from each other, heat from the mantle’s convection currents makes the crust more plastic and less dense. The less-dense material rises, often forming a mountain or elevated area of the seafloor. Eventually, the crust cracks. Hot magma fueled by mantle convection bubbles up to fill these fractures and spills onto the crust. This bubbled-up magma is cooled by frigid seawater to form igneous rock. This rock (basalt) becomes a new part of Earth’s crust. Mid-Ocean Ridges Seafloor spreading occurs along mid-ocean ridges—large mountain ranges rising from the ocean floor. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for instance, separates the North American plate from the Eurasian plate, and the South American plate from the African plate. The East Pacific Rise is a mid-ocean ridge that runs through the eastern Pacific Ocean and separates the Pacific plate from the North American plate, the Cocos plate, the Nazca plate, and the Antarctic plate. The Southeast Indian Ridge marks where the southern Indo-Australian plate forms a divergent boundary with the Antarctic plate. Seafloor spreading is not consistent at all mid-ocean ridges. Slowly spreading ridges are the sites of tall, narrow underwater cliffs and mountains. Rapidly spreading ridges have a much more gentle slopes. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for instance, is a slow spreading center. It spreads 2-5 centimeters (.8-2 inches) every year and forms an ocean trench about the size of the Grand Canyon. The East Pacific Rise, on the other hand, is a fast spreading center. It spreads about 6-16 centimeters (3-6 inches) every year. There is not an ocean trench at the East Pacific Rise, because the seafloor spreading is too rapid for one to develop! The newest, thinnest crust on Earth is located near the center of mid-ocean ridge—the actual site of seafloor spreading. The age, density, and thickness of oceanic crust increases with distance from the mid-ocean ridge. Geomagnetic Reversals The magnetism of mid-ocean ridges helped scientists first identify the process of seafloor spreading in the early 20th century. Basalt, the once-molten rock that makes up most new oceanic crust, is a fairly magnetic substance, and scientists began using magnetometers to measure the magnetism of the ocean floor in the 1950s. What they discovered was that the magnetism of the ocean floor around mid-ocean ridges was divided into matching “stripes” on either side of the ridge. The specific magnetism of basalt rock is determined by the Earth’s magnetic field when the magma is cooling. Scientists determined that the same process formed the perfectly symmetrical stripes on both side of a mid-ocean ridge. The continual process of seafloor spreading separated the stripes in an orderly pattern. Geographic Features Oceanic crust slowly moves away from mid-ocean ridges and sites of seafloor spreading. As it moves, it becomes cooler, denser, and thicker. Eventually, older oceanic crust encounters a tectonic boundary with continental crust. Keeping Earth in Shape Seafloor spreading is just one part of plate tectonics. Subduction is another. Subduction happens where tectonic plates crash into each other instead of spreading apart. At subduction zones, the edge of the denser plate subducts, or slides, beneath the less-dense one. The denser lithospheric material then melts back into the Earth's mantle. Seafloor spreading creates new crust. Subduction destroys old crust. The two forces roughly balance each other, so the shape and diameter of the Earth remain constant.

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