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Compact first for schools Unit 2
Quiz by Augustyn Dobrzyński
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If we look at the United States on a map today, it is very difficult to imagine that where we see borders, cities, and states, there once existed nothing but open land, uncharted mountain ranges, and miles of untouched wilderness. North America was a highly desired destination for exploration and settlement for Europeans. In the early 1500s, expeditions from Europe to North America were funded by Europe's kings and queens in hopes of expanding their territories across the world. The voyages were treacherous with unknown dangers and many attempts to settle in this new land were faced with failure. In the early 1600’s however, the settlers of Jamestown and Plymouth survived the harsh conditions and established the first two permanent English settlements in North America. Jamestown Colony in Virginia Jamestown was founded in 1607. Of course, its colonists did not know it would go on to become the the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. The settlement was located along the James River off Chesapeake Bay in modern-day Virginia. Life in Jamestown was very hard, and nearly 80% of the first settlers died in the first year due to disease and starvation. The region was warm and had fertile soil, making it a perfect place for growing crops, specifically tobacco. Sponsored by a joint stock company known as the Virginia Company of London, Jamestown was originally established as a profit-making enterprise. The first settlers looked for gold and other natural resources that could bring a profit to the company's investors. After several very difficult years, the colonists were eventually able to grow tobacco that was popular in England and it became a valuable cash crop. Jamestown's colonists were primarily all supporters of the Church of England and felt a strong connection to their homeland. Many, like John Smith, returned to England, or would move back and forth between the two locations. Being that Jamestown was founded by a corporation looking to make a profit, it began using enslaved labor in 1619. Indentured servants and enslaved Africans made up much of the workforce on the growing tobacco and cotton plantations. The system of using enslaved Africans for the profit of American plantations has been described as America's "original sin". About 400 miles to the north of Jamestown, a group of Pilgrims seeking religious freedom established Plymouth in 1620 as the second English colony in North America. Located in modern day Massachusetts, the colder climate and rocky soil made farming and agriculture more difficult. Instead of growing cash crops, settlers turned to lumber, shipbuilding, and fishing for trade. Unlike the settlers of Jamestown, the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony were dissenters from the Church of England. They came to the New World so that they could freely practice their religion without fear of persecution. Although their reasons for settling were different, the settlements had many similar experiences. Jamestown and Plymouth both faced harsh and demanding climates and struggled with hunger, disease, and death. In their first years they had much difficulty establishing housing and finding a sustainable source of food. Plymouth Colony in New England While the settlers in Jamestown used the House of Burgesses as a legislative body for laws and decisions, the Pilgrims in Plymouth wrote and agreed to the Mayflower Compact as a set of rules for self-government. Both helped maintain the rule of law in new places far from the courts and tradition of England. Settlers of both colonies experienced complicated and, at times, violent relationships with local Native Americans that owned the land. While some American Indian groups offered help to the new settlers, oftentimes both sides needed to defend themselves from attacks. Nevertheless, the settlers of Jamestown and Plymouth persevered through these difficulties and maintained their establishments, providing inspiration for future colonies and settlers in search of a new life in the New World.Powers granted to the national government by the United States Constitution which are spelled out (written) specifically in the Constitution are called ___________ powers. Denied Concurrent Federal Enumerated This was the first plan of government for the United States. It was meant to be a league of friendship between the states. It was too weak and failed. Magna Carta Mayflower Compact Petition of Right Articles of Confederation What gave Congress the power to regulate both foreign and interstate trade? Commerce Clause Kansas-Nebaska Act Supremacy Clause Santa Clause What is the structure of the national government? a) Unitary b) Federal c) Confederal d) Autocratic What is the relationship between the three branches of government, including separation of powers? a) They have no relationship b) They work independently of each other c) They share powers and work together d) They have overlapping powers 16. What is the relationship between the state governments and national government? a) State governments have more power than the national government b) State governments have no power compared to the national government c) State governments and the national government have equal power d) State governments and the national government have separate powers 17. What powers are denied by the state governments but given to the national government? a) Reserved powers b) Concurrent powers c) Denied powers d) Implied powers 18. What powers are shared by both the state governments and national government? a) Reserved powers b) Enumerated powers c) Concurrent powers d) Implied powers 19. States had no government at all when the United States was born. a) True b) False 20. The central government of the U.S. is known as the federal government. a) True b) FalsePrepare a question paper mcq and descriptive of following syllabus Kotlin basics: Introduction to Kotlin, Benefits of using Kotlin, Use Kotlin REPL to practice basic expressions, Control flow statements in Kotlin, Null safety with Kotlin. Functions: Creating and calling functions with default and named arguments, Writing concise and compact functions, Passing functions as arguments to other functions, Writing simple lambdas. Classes and Objects: Introduction to object-oriented programming in Kotlin, Classes and objects in Kotlin, Constructors, Visibility modifiers, Subclasses and inheritance, Interfaces, Data classes, Singleton class enums, Pairs, triples and collections in Kotlin, Extensions in Kotlin Buildind first Android app: Installing Android Studio, Creating an Android app project, Deploying the app to an emulator or a device, Building an Android app that contains images and a click handler, Modifying views within the layout of an app, Adding libraries to module gradle file. Layouts: Creating layouts in Android Studio using XML and the Layout Editor, Adding interactivity to your app, Working with ConstraintLayout, Data binding basics App Navigation: Creating Fragments, Defining NavHostFragment, navigation graphs, navigational paths, Functionality of Back and Up buttons, Defining the options menu, Creating a navigational drawer, Using the Safe Args plugin and passing of arguments,Starting an external Activity Activity and Fragment Lifecycles: Understanding Activity and Fragment Lifecycles, Exploring logging options in your app, Using the Android Lifecycle library, Exploringconfiguration changes App Architecture (UI Layer) : Using the recommended Android App Architecture, Using the LifeCycle, ViewModel, and ViewModelFactory classes, Adding LiveData and LiveData, observers, Adding Data Binding with ViewModel and LiveData, Adding LiveData , transformation Connect to the Internet: Connecting to a web service with the Retrofit library, Parsing aJSON response with the Moshi library, Using coroutines with Retrofit , Loading and displaying images from the Internet, Filtering data from the Internet. Repository pattern and Work Manager: Adding an offline cache and repository,Implementing Work Manager, Working with background workers and periodic Worker Request App UI Design: Introduction to basic app design, Understanding Styles and Themes, Implementing Material Design, Designing for everyoneHere's how scientists figured out the age of the universe It took some cosmic detective work. by Passant Rabie Oct. 20, 2021 You never ask a cosmic being its age. But if that cosmic being encompasses all of space, time, and matter, you could get a little curious. Scientists have long been curious about the age of the universe and how much time has elapsed since the Big Bang. Today, scientists estimated the age of the universe to be approximately 13.8 billion years old. But how did scientists estimate how old the universe is, and are they sure of that number? It all comes down to ancient stars and the ever-expanding cosmos. How do astronomers calculate the age of the universe? To estimate the age of the universe, scientists rely on two main methods. Calculating the expansion rate of the universe Determining the ages of the oldest stars The Hubble Constant: Since its conception, the universe has been expanding at an accelerating rate. The universe’s expansion rate is known as the Hubble Constant, which is estimated at 46,200 mph per million light-years. The Hubble Constant was first calculated in the 1920s by American astronomer Edwin Hubble after discovering that several galaxies were moving away from Earth. Scientists looked to distant galaxies to measure how fast the universe was expanding. Hubble also noted that the further a galaxy was, the faster it was moving away. Based on Hubble’s observations, the astronomer came up with Hubble’s law which showed a correlation between how far an object is and the speed at which it’s receding. Using Hubble law, scientists were able to estimate the expansion rate of the universe. Scientists were then able to use the Hubble Constant to estimate the age of the universe by working backward, all the way back to the Big Bang. This extrapolation depends on the current density and composition of the universe, which shows the history of its expansion. In 2012 NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe used that data to estimate the universe's age to be 13.772 billion years old, give or take 59 million years. A year later, The European Space Agency’s Planck spacecraft estimated the universe's age to be 13.82 billion years. Ancestral stars: Another way to determine the age of the universe is to look to the oldest stars. The universe can’t be younger than its oldest stars. Therefore, to narrow down the age of the universe, scientists measure the ages of the very first stars that formed in the cosmos. The lifecycle of a star depends on its mass, with high mass stars burning fuel at a faster rate and therefore dying out faster while low mass stars can live up to 20 billion years. Globular clusters are a dense stellar collection of around a million stars which all formed roughly around the same time. These clusters can then serve as timekeepers for the universe. By determining the masses of their stars, scientists can estimate when the globular cluster formed. The oldest globular clusters contain stars that are 0.7 times less massive than the Sun, which suggests that they are between 11 to 18 billion years old. What came before the Big Bang? Scientists can trace the universe back to its explosive birth, the Big Bang. But what happened before this theoretical birth of the cosmos? The universe may have been a singularity, all compact within a form that is smaller than a subatomic particle. It’s difficult to imagine what caused this matter to exist, but one theory even suggests that our universe was born from another universe while another imagines a series of universes being born out of one another like a formation of bubbles. Meanwhile, another theory suggests that the universe goes through an endless cycle of death and rebirth, born from its own demise. How old is the universe in seconds? If the universe is indeed cyclical, then time becomes irrelevant. But just in case you’re still attached to the modern way in which we measure the progression of life, then the age of the universe comes up to about 436,117,076,900,000,000 seconds.Title (Slide 0): "Digging Deeper: The Truth About Tillage" Subtitle: How turning the soil affects plants, microbes, and the planet Slide 1: What Is Tillage? Tilling the soil means digging, turning, and loosening it using tools or machines. It's a common farming practice to prepare the land before planting. Slide 2: Why Do Farmers Till? Tillage is usually done before planting to: • Soften and aerate the soil • Mix in nutrients • Remove weeds • Bury crop residues for decomposition and fertility Slide 3: Tools Used for Tillage Farmers use tools like: • Ploughs: Cut deep into the soil • Harrows: Break up clumps and smooth the surface Slide 4: Ploughs vs. Harrows • Ploughs: Used first, go deep, lift and flip soil • Harrows: Used after ploughs, work on the surface to break clumps and level the soil Slide 5: Types of Tillage Systems From most to least soil disturbance: • Conventional Tillage: Deep ploughing • Minimum Tillage: Light disturbance • Conservation Tillage: Only disturb seed zone, keep residues on top • Zero Tillage (No-Till): Plant directly into undisturbed soil Slide 6: Problem 1 – Soil Erosion Tillage removes protective cover, exposing soil to wind and rain. Result: topsoil—the most fertile layer—is easily washed or blown away. Slide 7: Problem 2 – Disruption of Soil Life Soil is a living ecosystem! • Worms, fungi, and bacteria help aerate soil and release nutrients • Tillage destroys their habitat, reducing fertility and soil health Slide 8: Problem 3 – Loss of Soil Structure Healthy soil has pores for air, water, and roots. Tillage breaks the sponge-like structure, and soil compacts over time—like flattening it into a pancake. Hard soil = poor plant growth. Slide 9: Problem 4 – Decreased Organic Matter Microbes "eat" organic matter through aerobic respiration (using O₂ and releasing CO₂). Tillage adds oxygen, microbes speed up, and burn through the soil’s “pantry” of organic matter—leaving it empty and poor. Slide 10: Problem 5 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Faster decomposition = more CO₂ released. Tillage boosts microbial activity, which increases carbon dioxide emissions—contributing to climate change. ✅ Conclusion (Slide 11): 🌱 Tillage: A Double-Edged Tool Tillage can help prepare the soil and control weeds—but it comes at a cost. Over time, repeated tilling can strip away organic matter, destroy soil life, and release greenhouse gases. It's like spending all your savings for quick results—and being left with nothing for the future. The smarter path? Use reduced or no-till methods that protect soil health, keep carbon in the ground, and support long-term farming success.COMPACT FIRST U3 Compact Pet Unit 1 p8 vocabulary.Compact bone is composed of thin layers or lamellae of bone and form an osteon Organized lamellae greatly increases the strength of bone Lamellae also are organized as outer and inner circumferential lamellae Lacunae contain one osteocyte which interconnects with others through processes within canaliculi; osteocytes are supplied by vessels in the central canal Central canals communicate with marrow cavity, periosteum, and each other via transverse Volkmann’s (aka perforating) canals