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COMPONENTES Y CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL ESPACIO GEOGRÁFICO
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El Código de la Vida: Introducción al ADN Descifrando el ADN: Estructura y componentes básicos (nucleótidos, bases nitrogenadas) La doble hélice: La forma tridimensional del ADN El lenguaje del ADN: Código genético y tripletes de bases Semana 2: Del ADN a las Proteínas: La Expresión Genética El proceso de transcripción: La copia de información del ADN a una molécula de ARN mensajero (ARNm) El intrón y el exón: Secuencias codificantes y no codificantes del ADN La traducción: La síntesis de proteínas a partir del ARNm El papel del ribosoma y el ARNt en la traducción Semana 3: Genotipo, Fenotipo y la Danza de los Genes Genotipo vs fenotipo: La diferencia entre la información genética y las características observables Alelos dominantes y recesivos: Determinando la expresión de los genes Ejemplos de herencia mendeliana: Cruzas monohíbridos y dihíbridos La proporción de genotipos y fenotipos en la descendenciaEmana 1: El Código de la Vida: Introducción al ADN Descifrando el ADN: Estructura y componentes básicos (nucleótidos, bases nitrogenadas) La doble hélice: La forma tridimensional del ADN El lenguaje del ADN: Código genético y tripletes de bases Semana 2: Del ADN a las Proteínas: La Expresión Genética El proceso de transcripción: La copia de información del ADN a una molécula de ARN mensajero (ARNm) El intrón y el exón: Secuencias codificantes y no codificantes del ADN La traducción: La síntesis de proteínas a partir del ARNm El papel del ribosoma y el ARNt en la traducción Semana 3: Genotipo, Fenotipo y la Danza de los Genes Genotipo vs fenotipo: La diferencia entre la información genética y las características observables Alelos dominantes y recesivos: Determinando la expresión de los genes Ejemplos de herencia mendeliana: Cruzas monohíbridos y dihíbridos La proporción de genotipos y fenotipos en la descendencia Semana 4: La Diversidad Genética: Mutaciones y Cambios en el ADN Tipos de mutaciones: Sustitución, deleción, duplicación e inversión de bases nitrogenadas Fuentes de mutaciones: Agentes físicos, químicos y biológicos Efectos de las mutaciones: Silenciosos, beneficiosos, perjudiciales y letales La importancia de la recombinación genética en la diversidad Semana 5: Enfermedades Genéticas: Alteraciones del ADN en Acción Ejemplos de enfermedades genéticas causadas por mutaciones: Fibrosis quística, hemofilia, síndrome de Down Mecanismos de detección y diagnóstico de enfermedades genéticas Consejería genética y asesoramiento familiar ante enfermedades hereditarias Semana 6: Evolución y Adaptación: El ADN en Movimiento El papel de las mutaciones y la recombinación genética en la evolución Selección natural: La supervivencia del más apto Ejemplos de la evolución impulsada por cambios en el ADN: Resistencia a antibióticos, adaptación al medio ambiente La diversidad biológica como resultado de la evolución. Mecanismos de especiacion simpatrica y alopatrica, seleccion natural disruptica, estabilizadora, direccional, mimetismo mulleriano y batesianoDefinición de Taxonomía: ¿Qué es la taxonomía y por qué es importante en biología? Clasificación: Explica el proceso de clasificación de los seres vivos. Biodiversidad: ¿Qué se entiende por biodiversidad y cuáles son sus componentes principales? Características de los Seres Vivos: Nombra al menos tres características fundamentales que deben cumplir todos los seres vivos. Dominios: ¿Cuáles son los tres dominios en que se clasifican los organismos? Describe brevemente cada uno. Procariotas vs Eucariotas: ¿Cuál es la diferencia principal entre células procariotas y eucariotas? Reinos del Dominio Eukarya: Enumera los cuatro reinos dentro del dominio Eukarya y proporciona una característica distintiva de cada uno. Filos en Animalia: Nombra dos filos dentro del reino Animalia y da un ejemplo representativo de cada uno. Filos en Plantae: Nombra dos filos dentro del reino Plantae y proporciona un ejemplo representativo. Niveles Taxonómicos: Enumera los niveles de organización taxonómica desde el reino hasta la especie. Importancia de la biodiversidad: ¿Por qué es crucial conservar la biodiversidad en nuestro planeta?Chapter 7 - Review Data and Decision Making *Glow bus due at midnight, name and student number: answer questions using content in class People have created wonderful things for centuries, and management Management can be traced as far back as 500 bc when the ancient Sumerians used written records to improve government and business activities Why is it important to lean from the past Not to repeat our mistakes Classical management approaches Scientific management Administrative Principles Bureaucratic organisation Behavioural Management Approaches Follett’s Organizations as communities The Hawthorne studies Maslow’s theory of human needs Mcgregor’s Theory x and Theory Y Argyris Personality and organisation Modern Management foundations Organises as systems Contingency thinking Quality management Quantitative and analysis and tools Evidence-based management Contributions Frederick Taylor - Father of Scientific management He noticed that workers often did their jobs with wasted motions and without a constant approach. His resulted in inefficiency and low performance He believed the problem could be fixed if workers were taught to do their jobs in the best ways and ten were helped and guided by supervisors Four guiding principles of scientific management Rules of motion, standardized work and proper working conditions Select workers with the right abilities Train workers and give them incentives Support workers by planning and smoothing the way as they do their work Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Pioneered use of motitono studies as a management tool In one famous case, the gilbreaths cut down the number of motions used by bricklayers adn tripled their productivity Contributions from scientific management Make results-based compensation a performance incentive Carefully design jobs with efficient work methods Carefully select workers with the ability to perform the job Trian workers to execute activities to the best of their abilities Train supervisors to support workers so they can perform jobs to the best of their abilities Classical Management Adiminstative principle (Henro Fayol) 1919, after a career in French industry, Henri F published “adminisration Industrielle et Generale” (General and industrial management) in which we out like his views on the management of organiztion and workers Rules and duties in management Foresight - to complete a plan of action for the future Organization - To provide and mobilize resources to implement the plan Common- to lead, select and evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan Coordination- to fit diverse efforts together and ensure information is shared and problems solved Control- to make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action Classical management Bureacratic organiztion (Max Weber) Max weber (Bureaucrativ organization) - late 19th century German political economist who had a major impact in the fields of management and sociology Bureaucratic Organization An ideal, intentionally rational adn very efficient form of organization Based on the principles of logic, order and legitimate authority Characteristics of BO Clear division of labour Clear hierarchy of authority Formal rules and procedure Impersonality Careers based on merit What are some disadvantages of bureaucracy Takes a long time for problems to become solved bec there are procedures and there is a chain of people in command Having the power Rules have to follow Excessive paperwork or “red tape” Slowness in handling problems Rigidity in the face of shifting needs Resistance to change Employee apathy Behavioural Management Approaches (focus on understanding the elements that affect human behaviour in organisations) Follett’s Organizations as communites Mary park follett contributed to the transition from classical thinking inot behavioural management Groups and human cooperation Groups allow individuales too combine their talents for a greater good Organizations are cooperating “communites” of managers adn workers Managers job is to help people copperate and achive an integration of goals and intrests Forward-looking managment insight: Making every emploee an owner creates a sense of collective responsibility Prescursor of employrr ownership, profit sharing and gain sharing Buniess problems invovle a varity of inter realted factors Prescursor of systems thinking Private profits realtive to public good Precursor of managerial ethics and social respinsibility Hawthorne studies Took place at western electric chicago plan, a tran led by Harvards Elton Mayo set out to learn how econmic incentives and workplace conditions affected workers output Maing objective Intial study examined how ecomoin incentives adn physical conditions affected worker output (productivity) No consistent relationship found During experientmetn they had 2 groups The expertiant groups (impoved wokring ocnditions ) The control group ( no changes to original working conidtions) No consitant relationship found, perfomance in both groups increased even after removing incentives Social setting and human relations Concluded New “social setting” led workers to do good job Good “Human relations” = higher productivity The contect - The Great Depression (1929-1940) Employee attitudes and groups processes Osme thinsf satisifed some workers but not others People resticited output to adhere to groups norms (Avoid layoffs) Lessons from he hawthrone stufirs Social and human concerns are keys to prductivity Hawthrone effect - People who are singled out for special attention perform as expected Maslow’s Theory of human needs Human needs The work of psychologist Abraham Maslow in the area if human “needs,” also has had a major impact in the behavioual apporach to management Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs Self actualization needs Higherst level: need foe self fulfillment to grow and use abilites to fullest and most creative extent Esteem needs Needs fro esteem in eyes of others need for respect, prestige, recognition; need for self esteem, personal sense of competence, mastery Social needs Need for love, affection, sense of belongingness in ones relationship either other people Safett needs Need for security, protection and stability in teh events of day to day life Physiological needs Most basic of all human needs: need for biological maintence; food, water and phydical well being Principles Defict principle: A satidifed need is not a motivator of behaviour Progress principles: A need becomes a motivator once the preceding lower-level need is satisfied Both principles cease to operate at self actulilzation level McGregor’s Theories Thepry x assumes that workers; Dislike work Lack ambition Are irresponsible Resist change Prefer to be led Theoyry y assumes that workers are Willing to work Willing to accept responsibility Capable of self control Capable of self direction Imaginative and creative According to McGregor, Managers create: Self fulfilling prophecies Implications of Theory x and y Theory x managers: Create situations where workers become dependent, passive and reluctant Theory y managers create situations where workers respond with initiative and high performance Central to notions of empowerment and self management Argyris’s theory of adult personality Classical management principles and practices inhibit worker maturation and are inconsistent with the mature adult personality Management practices should accommodate the mature personality: Increasing task responsibility Increasing task variety Using participative decision making Modern Management Foundation Quantitative analysis and Tools Analytics: the use of large data bases and mathematics to solve problems and make informed decision using systematic analysis Organization as systems System Collection of interrelated parts that function together to achieve a common purpose Subsystem A smaller component of a larger system Open systems Organisations that interact with their environment Contingency thinking Tires to maths managerial responses with problem (situation) No “one best way” to manage The “appropriate way to to manage depends on the situations Quality management Qality anc competitive advantafe are linked Total quality managment (TQM) Comprehensive approach to contiou impovment on teh entire organization ISO certification Gloval quality management standards Refine and upgrade quality to meet ISO requirments Evidednce Based Managment Making management decision on “hard facts” about what really works Componentes y abióticos Repaso de componentes y categoría del espacioIntroduccion de la celula, componentes y generalidades Semana 1: Identificar los conceptos básicos de ciclo biogeoquímico y su importancia en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas. Reconocer los componentes y procesos del ciclo del carbono. Semana 2: Analizar la relación entre el ciclo del carbono y la fotosíntesis, la respiración y la descomposición. Identificar los efectos de la deforestación y el uso de combustibles fósiles en el ciclo del carbono. Semana 3: Comprender los componentes y procesos del ciclo del nitrógeno. Reconocer la importancia de la fijación de nitrógeno y la nitrificación en el ciclo del nitrógeno. Identificar los efectos del uso excesivo de fertilizantes y la contaminación del agua en el ciclo del nitrógeno.