Compétition de Quiz en Mathématiques

: Organisation d'une compétition de quiz en mathématiques.

Management and Globalization Global Management Why companies go global How companies for global Global Business environments Global Business Types of global business Pros and cons of global businesses Ethnic Challenges for global business Culture and Global Diversity Cultural intelligence Silent language of culture Tight and loose cultures Values and national cultures Global Management Learning Are management theories universal? Intercultural competencies Global learning goals Key concepts of the challenges of globalisation: Global economy Resources, markets and competition are worldwide in scope Internationalisation The process of increasing involvement in international operations Globalization/Deglobalization Glob- the growing interdependence among elements in the global economy The worldwide interdependence of resource flows, product markets and business competition World 3.0 Different views: World flat vs. round Distance is a metaphor that represents the degree of dissimilarities between countries Balancing cooperation in the global Global Management Global management - managing things in different countries Managing business and organizations with interests in more than one country What do we expect from global Managers Knowing how to adapt Knowing the language Global Manager Is culturally aware and informed on international affairs International Business Conducting for-profit transactions of goods and services across national boundaries International Motive Why do firms internatioalize their activities Cheaper labour Labour tax Natural resources Enrolments to do business Clientele Exclusive materials Personal benefits: Taxes Reasons why businesses go global Customers Suppluers Capital During (1993) - 4 motive 1. Market seeking 2. Efficiency Seeking 3. Resource seeking 4. Strategic Asset Seeking Cuervo Cazurra, Narula and un (2015) - 4 motive s Internationalization Motives A company may also explore the opportunities in different markets in order to take advantage and in some cases extend the product life cycle What is a Market Entry Strategy Involves the sale of goods or services to foreign markets but do not require expensive investments Franchising Exporting and importing Involve the sale of goods or services to foreign markets but do Types of market entry strategies Global sourcing Exporting Importing Licensing agreement Franchising Types of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) strategies: Joint venture Strategic alliance Owned Subsidiary (sometimes called WOS) How to go abroad What conditions will affect the decisions of firms on how to internationalize their activities? During (1978)- Eclectic paradigm OLI model OLI- Ownership, Location and Internalization Advantages Ownership advantages Resources owned by the organization that can be transferred across locations include trademarks, production techniques and processes, managerial skills and other resources not available to the competitors Location Advantages Represent the implications of choosing to produce or to perform activities in a specific location (country or region) Internalization Advantages: The ability to internalize or to incorporate activities that add value to its business Evolution of Concepts- New Elements Although economic factors are certainly important to explain the formation, growth and expansion of firms within and across national borders, they are not sufficient to explain the additional complexity when a firm decides to expand its activities across national borders Economic factors Investigate the economic elements that affect the internationalization of firms Behavioural Elements Explaining the additional challenges (and perhaps opportunities) a firm faces in foreign host countries when compared to indigenous (local) firms Behavioural theories Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) and Johanson and Vahlne (1977) Included the psychic Distance concept (beckerman,1956) to explain the internationalization behaviour of firms The Uppsala internationalization model Psychic distance is: the sum of factors preventing the flow of infomatio from and to the market Psychic Distance is a broad concept that includes several elements such as: language, culture, political systems, level of education, level of industrial development Firms behave in a “Risk Averse” manner It means that when the perceived risk goes down, the firm increase its commitment to the foreign market \ The Haier Group Data Strategy Big DATA and Small DATA The use of small data to satisfy individual customers’ needs, however, the book mentions a huge cultural shock at the plant in Camden, south caroline Ex: top down, hard hat colors and hierarchy Culutral Differnces can have a huge impact on the internationalization of firms Kogut and Singh (1988)- Cultural Distance Index First statsical study on the implication of ciltiral distance to the selection of entry mode When investigating in culturally distant countries, foreign firms can choose to partner with foreign firms in order to gain local knowledge and share the risk associated to the investment (higher commitment = higher risk) How Companies Go Global Global sourcing The process of purchasing materials or services around teh world for local use Exporting Selling locally made products in foreign markets Importing Buying foreign made products and selling them domestically Exports correspond to what percentage of Candain GDP What countries are the major trending partners of Canada Management and Globalization How Companies Go Global Licensing Agreement One firm pays a fee for rights to make or sell another company’s products What are the potential risks associated to licesning The case of new balance in China Franchising A fee is paid for the rights to use another firms name, branding and methods Insourcing Insourcing: refers to local job creation that results from foreign direct investment Types of insourcing Joint ventures: operate in a foreign country through co-ownership by foreign and local partners Strategic alliances: A partnership in which foreign and domestic firms share resources and knowledge for mutual gains Foreign subsidiaries: local operation completely owned by a foreign firm Criteria for choosing a joint venture partner: Familiarity with your firm’s major business String local workforce Values its customers Future expansion possibilities Strong local market for partner’s own products Good Profit potential Sound financial standing Global business environments Legal and poliical systems Trade agreements and trade barriers Regional economic alliances Legal and political systems Differing laws and practices regards Business ownership Negotiation and implementation of contracts Foreign currency exchange Protection of intellectual property rights Counterfeit merchandise Political risk Potential loss in value of foreign investment due to instability and political changes in the host country Political risk analysis (expertise/experience) Forecast political disruptions that threaten the value of a foreign investment Changes in the rules of the game Brexit US Trade Wars-mexico-China Other examples Bolivia, Venezuela, China De-globalization The process of weakening interdependence among nations Trade Agreements and trade Barriers World trade organization Most favourd nation status Tariffs Nontariss barriers (quotes, restrictions, etc.) Protectionism Regional Economic Alliances USMCA (replacment for the NAFTA-North American Free trade Agreement) EU- European Union APEC- Aisa Pacific Economic Copperation ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nationas SADC - Southern Africa Development Community MERCOSUR- Chapter 5- Global Management and Cultural Diversity (part 2) Review Types of global business Global corporation MNE (multinational enterprise) or MNC (multinational corporation) with extensive business operations in more than one foreign country Transnational corporation A global corporation that operates worldwide on borderless basis Some host country complaints about MNCs Host Country companits about MNCs: Excessive profits Interference with local government Domination of local economy Interference with local government Hiring the best local talent Limited technology transfer Disrespect for local customers Examples - War in Ukraine Disruption in global -value chains and increased pressure and interference of MNCs with local government Fertilizer imports in Brazil (one of the major producers of agricultural commodities) We must consider the triple bottom line and the impact in society, the environment and the economy $2.5 billion invest in potash mine in Brazill What about Globalization gap Large multinationals adn industrilizednaitons gaining disporoportinonally form globalization Globalization gap: Large multinational and industrialized nations gaining disproportionally from Globalization Some MNC complaints about host countries MNC Complaints about host countries: Profiit limitations Laws and regulations Overpirce resources Exploitative rules Foreign exchange restriction Failure to uphold contracts Mutual benefits for host countries and multinational companies Mutual benefits for host country and global corporation of MNC: Shared growth opportunities Shared income opportunities Shared learning opportunities Share development opportunities Develop projects together What are some of the ethical challenges for global business Ethincal challenges for global business Child labour Employmnet of children for worl otherwise done by adults Sweatshops Employment of workers at very low wages for long hours in poor working conditions Ex: Nike bad labour prices Unsafe working conditions Corruption Illegal practices that further one’s business interests Corrupiotn of froeign public officials Act makes it illegal for Candain firms and their representatives to engage in corrupt practices overseas Bribes to foreign officials Excessive commissions Non-monetary gifts Sweatshops Conflict materials What is culture Culture : The shared set of beliefs, values, and patterns of behvaiourr common to a group of people Food preferences Values and traditions Language and beliefs Religion Art music Life style Hofstede defines culture as: “The collectiv programing of teh mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others” What is culture shock Culture Shock: Confusion and discoumfert a person experiences in an unfaamiliar culture Stages to adjusting to a new culture Confusion Small vitorires The honeymoon Irritation and anger Reality Cultural Intelligence The ability to adapt and adjust to new cultures What is Ethnocentrism Tendency to consider one’s own culture as superior others Slinet languages of culture Contect Low context High context Space Proxemics Ex: personal space Time Monochronic Polychronic High and low contexts cultures Edward T.Hall (1959) Def: Part of a discourse that surround a word or passage and can throw on its meaning Low context cultures Emphizes communication via spoken or written words Countries like United States, Canada and Germany High context cultures Rely on nonverbal and situational cues as well as on spoken or written works Thailand Malaysia Time Monochronic cultures People tend to do one thing at a time Canda Polychronic cultures Time is used to accomplish many different things at once Egypt Space Proxemics Study of how people use space to communicate In North American people value “personal space’ Many Latin and Asian cultures expect much less personal space Tight and Loose Cultures Cultural tightness-looseness Tight = Strength of norms that govern social behvaviour Japan, Korea, Malaysia Loose = tolerance for any deviation from norms Australia, Brazil, Hungary Values and national cultures (Hofstede) Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individalism-collectivism Masculinity-femininty Time Orientation Indulgence vs. Restraint Comparative management How management pratices systematically differ among countries and /or cultures Intercultural competencies Skills and personal characteristics that help us be successful in cross cultural situations Global Managers (know how to adapt) Need to successfully apply management functions across interantional boundaries Global Learning goals Not universal Engage critical thinking Look everywhere for new management ideas Always consider culture

Monopoly and Competition

La composition de l'air

MANEJO DE LA DINÁMICA COMPETITIVA GLOBAL

AQA GCSE Business - 3.2.6. Competitive Environment

allora la civiltà egizia naturalmente a un suo cuore geografico che è la valle berica il fiume nilo le sue inondazioni periodiche sono al centro della vita egizia anzi sono quello che rende possibile la vita dell'egitto trasformando l'egitto in uno dei luoghi più fertili del mondo tenete conto che l'egitto continuerà a essere uno dei luoghi più fertili del mondo ancora molto tempo dopo ancora il tardo impero romano e l'impero bizantino prima delle invasioni arabe ricavavano dall'egitto il reddito più forti le terre della valle del nilo naturalmente fertilizzate dalle piene del grande fiume producono enormi quantità di messi la ricchezza di questa terra permette a informarsi di comunità stabile tra queste genti di stirpe ca mitica colui che è al sommo vertice della società il faraone riceve tributi da tutti quelli che producono nella sua saggezza e gli garantisce l'accumularsi di scorte che possono rappresentare una sicurezza contro le calamità naturale siccità distruzione dei racconti eccetera proprio a proposito del nilo ci è arrivata una domanda da franco il quale dice nota che nel documentario il fiume nilo viene definito padre di tutti gli dei e dice franco ma vorrei sapere se era davvero così severamente gli antichi egizi avevano l'immagine per cui il nilo era il padre degli dei o se si tratta di una licenza di rossellini e franco verrebbe anche sapere avere qualche ulteriore spiegazione sul politeismo degli antichi egizi e poi conclude con questa domanda ma perché data la loro storia plurimillenaria gli egizi non sono riusciti a esportare il loro credo ad altri popoli ecco questa è una domanda a cui voglio rispondere subito ecco perché perché è emblematica diciamo così della differenza fra le religioni monoteiste del nostro tempo e degli ultimi due millenni è invece le religioni politeiste dei popoli antichi i monoteismi per definizione sono in competizione fra loro il cristianesimo e l'islam adorano lo stesso dio ma se lo immaginano in modo diverso e ognuna è convinta di essere quella giusta e che l'altra sia sbagliata e da quando esistono sono in competizione cristianesimo e l'islam sono religioni che hanno per mission è quella di portare la parola di dio al mondo i volti degli dei non avevano niente del genere ogni popolo ha i suoi dei è convinto che sono i più forti spero che siano i più forti ogni popolo e convinto di essere protetto dai suoi dei in guerra e nella vita economica e in ogni altra situazione poi finisce lì a nessuno viene in mente che siccome noi adoriamo horus e osiride e amon ra allora anche anche i babilonesi coi greci dovrebbero adoravo di questo non faceva proprio parte della mentalità né degli egizi né di nessun altro a quei tempi omaggio anche il sole ora vieni a me illuminami indoor ami omaggio anche o solo ora potere supremo tu che eri novelli la terra che skew di ciò che sarà chiude tu sei il corpo di colui che ri novella la terra omaggio a teora potere supremo infiammato eterno che bruci i tuoi nemici fiamma che produce lingue di fuoco quanto alla domanda se il milan fosse davvero il padre degli dei ecco io da quello che ho potuto verificare franco temo che effettivamente lei abbia ragione è una cosa che è scappata daita rossellini perché suonava bene ma non mi sembra che sia così il lille è una grande forza cosmica ma non è un dio il nilo è una delle componenti di un universo che secondo gli egizi fin dalla creazione esiste con un suo ritmo ecco le inondazioni del nilo annuali sono uno dei ritmi che tengono in piedi l'universo come il susseguirsi delle stagioni come il ciclo del sole quotidiano quella è la cosa più importante forse il sole che è un dio potente id ora attraversa il cielo e poi scompare attraverso il regno dei morti e domani ritornerà allo stesso modo le inondazioni del nilo ritornano ogni anno per garantire quello che gli egiziani chiamano se ho capito bene il marat e cioè l'ordine del mondo dopodiché dopodichè lilo ha a che fare con gli dèi anche in un altro modo perché la forza e la più famosa leggenda degli egiziani e quelle del dio osiride che una volta era il più potente di tutti gli dei e che poi è stato aggredito e ucciso dal suo fratello il malvagio dio set dopodiché così ride è risorto a partire da quel momento però è stato incaricato di governare il regno dei morti e le lacrime della moglie di osiride iside per la sua morte sono il motivo per cui il nilo ogni anno si gonfia si riempie di acqua e poi in onda la sua valle [Musica]

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