The CFTR protein is a membrane channel that facilitates the transport of chloride ions out of epithelial cells. In patients with Cystic Fibrosis, a deletion of the amino acid phenylalanine at position 508 causes the protein to misfold and be degraded before reaching the cell membrane. Which of the following best describes the resulting outcome for the cell?

The biconcave shape of a human red blood cell significantly increases the surface area-to-volume ratio compared to a spherical cell of the same volume. How does this specific structural adaptation lead to a critical functional outcome in the circulatory system?

The folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane into cristae significantly increases its surface area. Which of the following best explains how this structural feature leads to a specific functional outcome for the cell?

The double-membrane structure of the nucleus includes nuclear pore complexes that regulate the passage of molecules. If a mutation prevents the formation of the nuclear pore proteins, blocking the transport of mature mRNA out of the nucleus, which of the following describes the immediate outcome for the cell?

The root hair cells of plants have long, thin cytoplasmic extensions that protrude into the soil. Which statement correctly connects this specific structure to its functional outcome for the plant?

The myelin sheath is a fatty, insulating layer that wraps around the axons of many neurons, punctuated by gaps called the Nodes of Ranvier where the axonal membrane is exposed. Which of the following best explains how this structure determines the functional outcome of nerve impulse transmission?

The structural arrangement of phospholipids in a bilayer, with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward, creates a selectively permeable barrier. How does this specific structure lead to a critical functional outcome for the cell's internal environment?

The secondary structure of a protein, such as an alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet, is maintained by hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of the polypeptide backbone. If a chemical inhibitor specifically disrupts these hydrogen bonds without breaking peptide bonds, which of the following best describes the resulting functional outcome?

The DNA double helix is held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases: adenine with thymine (two bonds) and guanine with cytosine (three bonds). Which of the following best describes how this molecular structure leads to a specific functional outcome during DNA replication?