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Correct or Incorrect? Part 2
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THE FIDE LAWS OF CHESS. Introduction FIDE Laws of Chess cover over-the-board play. The Laws of Chess have two parts: 1. Basic Rules of Play and 2. Competitive Rules of Play. The English text is the authentic version of the Laws of Chess (which were adopted at the 93rd FIDE Congress at Chennai, India) coming into force on 1 January 2023. Preface. The Laws of Chess cannot cover all possible situations that may arise during a game, nor can they regulate all administrative questions. Where cases are not precisely regulated by an Article of the Laws, it should be possible to reach a correct decision by studying analogous situations which are regulated in the Laws. The Laws assume that arbiters have the necessary competence, sound judgement and absolute objectivity. Too detailed a rule might deprive the arbiter of his/her freedom of judgement and thus prevent him/her from finding a solution to a problem dictated by fairness, logic and special factors. FIDE appeals to all chess players and federations to accept this view. A necessary condition for a game to be rated by FIDE is that it shall be played according to the FIDE Laws of Chess. It is recommended that competitive games not rated by FIDE be played according to the FIDE Laws of Chess. Member federations may ask FIDE to give a ruling on matters relating to the Laws of Chess. BASIC RULES OF PLAY. Article 1: The Nature and Objectives of the Game of Chess 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The game of chess is played between two opponents who move their pieces on a square board called a āchessboardā. The player with the light-coloured pieces (White) makes the first move, then the players move alternately, with the player with the dark-coloured pieces (Black) making the next move. A player is said to āhave the moveā when his/her opponentās move has been āmadeā. The objective of each player is to place the opponentās king āunder attackā in such a way that the opponent has no legal move. 1.4.1 The player who achieves this goal is said to have ācheckmatedā the opponentās king and to have won the game. Leaving oneās own king under attack, exposing oneās own king to attack and also ācapturingā the opponentās king is not allowed. 1.4.2 The opponent whose king has been checkmated has lost the game. 1.5 If the position is such that neither player can possibly checkmate the opponentās king, the game is drawn (see Article 5.2.2). Article 2: The Initial Position of the Pieces on the Chessboard 2.1 2.2 The chessboard is composed of an 8 x 8 grid of 64 equal squares alternately light (the āwhiteā squares) and dark (the āblackā squares). The chessboard is placed between the players in such a way that the near corner square to the right of the player is white. At the beginning of the game White has 16 light-coloured pieces (the āwhiteā pieces); Black has 16 dark-coloured pieces (the āblackā pieces). These pieces are as follows: A white king usually indicated by the symbol K A white queen Two white rooks Two white bishops Two white knights Eight white pawns A black king A black queen Two black rooks Two black bishops Two black knights Eight black pawns usually indicated by the symbol Q usually indicated by the symbol R usually indicated by the symbol B usually indicated by the symbol N usually indicated by the symbol usually indicated by the symbol K usually indicated by the symbol Q usually indicated by the symbol R usually indicated by the symbol B usually indicated by the symbol N usually indicated by the symbol Staunton Pieces p Q K B N R 9 2.3 The initial position of the pieces on the chessboard is as follows: 2.4 The eight vertical columns of squares are called āfilesā. The eight horizontal rows of squares are called āranksā. A straight line of squares of the same colour, running from one edge of the board to an adjacent edge, is called a ādiagonalā. Article 3: The Moves of the Pieces 3.1 It is not permitted to move a piece to a square occupied by a piece of the same colour. 3.1.1 If a piece moves to a square occupied by an opponentās piece the latter is captured and removed from the chessboard as part of the same move. 3.1.2 A piece is said to attack an opponentās piece if the piece could make a capture on that square according to Articles 3.2 to 3.8. 3.1.3 A piece is considered to attack a square even if this piece is constrained from moving to that square because it would then leave or place the king of its own colour under attack. 3.2 The bishop may move to any square along a diagonal on which it stands. 3.3 The rook may move to any square along the file or the rank on which it stands. 3.4 The queen may move to any square along the file, the rank or a diagonal on which it stands. 3.5 3.6 3.7 When making these moves, the bishop, rook or queen may not move over any intervening pieces. The knight may move to one of the squares nearest to that on which it stands but not on the same rank, file or diagonal. 3.7 When making these moves, the bishop, rook or queen may not move over any intervening pieces. The knight may move to one of the squares nearest to that on which it stands but not on the same rank, file or diagonal. The pawn: 3.7.1 The pawn may move forward to the square immediately in front of it on the same file, provided that this square is unoccupied, or 3.7.2 on its first move the pawn may move as in 3.7.1 or alternatively it may advance two squares along the same file, provided that both squares are unoccupied, or 3.7.3 the pawn may move to a square occupied by an opponentās piece diagonally in front of it on an adjacent file, capturing that piece. 3.7.3.1 A pawn occupying a square on the same rank as and on an adjacent file to an opponentās pawn which has just advanced two squares in one move from its original square may capture this opponentās pawn as though the latter had been moved only one square. 3.7.3.2 This capture is only legal on the move following this advance and is called an āen passantā capture. 3.7.3.3 When a player, having the move, plays a pawn to the rank furthest from its starting position, he/she must exchange that pawn as part of the same move for a new queen, rook, bishop or knight of the same colour on the intended square of arrival. This is called the square of āpromotionā. 3.7.3.4 The player's choice is not restricted to pieces that have been captured previously. 3.7.3.5 This exchange of a pawn for another piece is called promotion, and the effect of the new piece is immediate. 3.8 There are two different ways of moving the king: 3.8.1 by moving to an adjoining square. 3.8.2 by ācastlingā. This is a move of the king and either rook of the same colour along the playerās first rank, counting as a single move of the king and executed as follows: the king is transferred from its original square two squares towards the rook on its original square, then that rook is transferred to the square the king has just crossed. 3.8.2.1 The right to castle has been lost: 3.8.2.1.1 If the king has already moved, or 3.8.2.1.2 With a rook that has already moved. 3.8.2.2 Castling is prevented temporarily: 3.8.2.2.1 if the square on which the king stands, or the square which it must cross, or the square which it is to occupy, is attacked by one or more of the opponent's pieces, or 3.8.2.2.2 if there is any piece between the king and the rook with which castling is to be effected. 3.9 The king in check: 3.9.1 The king is said to be 'in check' if it is attacked by one or more of the opponent's pieces, even if such pieces are constrained from moving to the square occupied by the king because they would then leave or place their own king in check. 3.9.2 No piece can be moved that will either expose the king of the same colour to check or leave that king in check. 3.10 Legal and illegal moves; illegal positions: 3.10.1 A move is legal when all the relevant requirements of Articles 3.1 ā 3.9 have been fulfilled. 3.10.2 A move is illegal when it fails to meet the relevant requirements of Articles 3.1 ā3.9. 3.10.3 A position is illegal when it cannot have been reached by any series of legal moves. Article 4: The Act of Moving the Pieces 4.1 4.2 Each move must be played with one hand only. Adjusting the pieces or other physical contact with a piece: 4.2.1 Only the player having the move may adjust one or more pieces on their squares, provided that he/she first expresses his/her intention (for example by saying ājāadoubeā or āI adjustā). 4.2.2 Any other physical contact with a piece, except for clearly accidental contact, shall be considered to be intent. 4.3 Except as provided in Article 4.2.1, if the player having the move touches on the chessboard, with the intention of moving or capturing: 4.3.1 one or more of his/her own pieces, he/she must move the first piece touched that can be moved. 4.3.2 one or more of his/her opponentās pieces, he/she must capture the first piece touched that can be captured. 4.3.3 one or more pieces of each colour, he/she must capture the first touched opponentās piece with his/her first touched piece or, if this is illegal, move or capture the first piece touched that can be moved or captured. If it is unclear whether the playerās own piece or his/her opponentās was touched first, the playerās own piece shall be considered to have been touched before his/her opponentās. 4.4 If a player having the move: 4.4.1 touches his/her king and a rook he/she must castle on that side if it is legal to do so 4.4.2 deliberately touches a rook and then his/her king he/she is not allowed to castle on that side on that move and the situation shall be governed by Article 4.3.1. 4.4.3 intending to castle, touches the king and then a rook, but castling with this rook is illegal, the player must make another legal move with his/her king (which may include castling with the other rook). If the king has no legal move, the player is free to make any legal move. 4.4.4 promotes a pawn, the choice of the piece is finalised when the piece has touched the square of promotion. 4.5 4.6 If none of the pieces touched in accordance with Article 4.3 or Article 4.4 can be moved or captured, the player may make any legal move. The act of promotion may be performed in various ways: 4.6.1 the pawn does not have to be placed on the square of arrival. 4.6.2 removing the pawn and putting the new piece on the square of promotion may occur in any order. 4.6.3 If an opponentās piece stands on the square of promotion, it must be captured. 4.7 When, as a legal move or part of a legal move, a piece has been released on a square, it cannot be moved to another square on this move. The move is considered to have been made in the case of: 4.7.1 A capture, when the captured piece has been removed from the chessboard and the player, having placed his/her own piece on its new square, has released this capturing piece from his/her hand. 4.7.2 Castling, when the player's hand has released the rook on the square previously crossed by the king. When the player has released the king from his/her hand, the move is not yet made, but the player no longer has the right to make any move other than castling on that side, if this is legal. If castling on this side is illegal, the player must make another legal move with his/her king (which may include castling with the other rook). If the king has no legal move, the player is free to make any legal move. 4.7.3 Promotion, when the player's hand has released the new piece on the square of promotion and the pawn has been removed from the board. 4.8 4.9 A player forfeits his/her right to claim against his/her opponentās violation of Articles 4.1 ā 4.7 once the player touches a piece with the intention of moving or capturing it. 4.8. A player forfeits his/her right to claim against his/her opponentās violation of Articles 4.1 ā 4.7 .4.9. If a player is unable to move the pieces, an assistant, who shall be acceptable to the arbiter, may be provided by the player to perform this operation. Article 5: The Completion of the Game 5.1.1 The game is won by the player who has checkmated his/her opponentās king. This immediately ends the game, provided that the move producing the checkmate position was in accordance with Article 3 and Articles 4.2 ā 4.7. 5.1.2 The game is lost by the player who declares he/she resigns (this immediately ends the game), unless the position is such that the opponent cannot checkmate the playerās king by any possible series of legal moves. In this case the result of the game is a draw. 5.2.1 The game is drawn when the player to move has no legal move and his/her king is not in check. The game is said to end in āstalemateā. This immediately ends the game, provided that the move producing the stalemate position was in accordance with Article 3 and Articles 4.2 ā 4.7. 5.2.2 The game is drawn when a position has arisen in which neither player can checkmate the opponentās king with any series of legal moves. The game is said to end in a ādead positionā. This immediately ends the game, provided that the move producing the position was in accordance with Article 3 and Articles 4.2 ā 4.7. 5.2.3 The game is drawn upon agreement between the two players during the game, provided both players have made at least one move. This immediately ends the game. COMPETITIVE RULES OF PLAY Article 6: The Chessclock 6.1 āChessclockā means a clock with two time displays, connected to each other in such a way that only one of them can run at a time. āClockā in the Laws of Chess means one of the two time displays. Each time display has a āflagā. āFlag-fallā means the expiration of the allotted time for a player. 6.2 Handling the chessclock: 6.2.1 During the game each player, having made his/her move on the chessboard, shall pause his/her own clock and start his/her opponentās clock (that is to say, he/she shall press his/her clock). This ācompletesā the move. A move is also completed if: 6.2.1.1 6.2.1.2 the move ends the game (see Articles 5.1.1, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 9.2.1, 9.6.1 and 9.6.2), or the player has made his/her next move, when his/her previous move was not completed. 6.2.2 A player must be allowed to pause his/her clock after making his/her move, even after the opponent has made his/her next move. The time between making the move on the chessboard and pressing the clock is regarded as part of the time allotted to the player. 6.2.3 A player must press his/her clock with the same hand with which he/she made his/her move. It is forbidden for a player to keep his/her finger on the clock or to āhoverā over it. 6.2.4 The players must handle the chessclock properly. It is forbidden to press it forcibly, to pick it up, to press the clock before moving or to knock it over. Improper clock handling shall be penalised in accordance with Article 12.9. 6.2.5 6.2.6 Only the player whose clock is running is allowed to adjust the pieces. If a player is unable to use the clock, an assistant, who must be acceptable to the arbiter, may be provided by the player to perform this operation. His/Her clock shall be adjusted by the arbiter in an equitable way. This adjustment of the clock shall not apply to the clock of a player with a disability. 6.3 Allotted time: 6.3.1 When using a chessclock, each player must complete a minimum number of moves or all moves in an allotted period of time including any additional amount of time added with each move. All these must be specified in advance. 6.3.2 The time saved by a player during one period is added to his/her time available for the next period, where applicable. In the time-delay mode both players receive an allotted āmain thinking timeā. Each player also receives a āfixed extra timeā with every move. The countdown of the main thinking time only commences after the fixed extra time has expired. Provided the player presses his/her clock before the expiration of the fixed extra time, the main thinking time does not change, irrespective of the proportion of the fixed extra time used. 6.4 Immediately after a flag falls, the requirements of Article 6.3.1 must be checked. 6.5 Before the start of the game the arbiter shall decide where the chessclock is placed. 6.6 At the time determined for the start of the game Whiteās clock is started.6.7. Default time: 6.7.1 The regulations of an event shall specify a default time in advance. If the default time is not specified, then it is zero. Any player who arrives at the chessboard after the default time shall lose the game unless the arbiter decides otherwise. 6.7.2 If the regulations of an event specify that the default time is not zero and if neither player is present initially, White shall lose all the time that elapses until he/she arrives, unless the regulations of an event specify, or the arbiter decides otherwise. 6.8 A flag is considered to have fallen when the arbiter observes the fact or when either player has made a valid claim to that effect. 6.9 Except where one of Articles 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.3 applies, if a player does not complete the prescribed number of moves in the allotted time, the game is lost by that player. However, the game is drawn if the position is such that the opponent cannot checkmate the playerās king by any possible series of legal moves. 6.10 Chessclock setting: 6.10.1 Every indication given by the chessclock is considered to be conclusive in the absence of any evident defect. A chessclock with an evident defect shall be replaced by the arbiter, who shall use his/her best judgement when determining the times to be shown on the replacement chessclock. 6.10.2 If during a game it is found that the setting of either or both clocks is incorrect, either player or the arbiter shall pause the chessclock immediately. The arbiter shall install the correct setting and adjust the times and move-counter, if necessary he/she shall use his/her best judgement when determining the clock settings. 6.11.1 If the game needs to be interrupted, the arbiter shall pause the chessclock. 6.11.2 A player may pause the chessclock only in order to seek the arbiterās assistance, for example when promotion has taken place and the piece required is not available. 6.11.3 The arbiter shall decide when the game restarts. 6.11.4 If a player pauses the chessclock in order to seek the arbiterās assistance, the arbiter shall determine whether the player had any valid reason for doing so. If the player has no valid reason for pausing the chessclock, the player shall be penalised in accordance with Article 12.9. 6.12.1 Screens, monitors, or demonstration boards showing the current position on the chessboard, the moves and the number of moves made/completed, and clocks which also show the number of moves, are allowed in the playing hall. 6.12.2 The player may not make a claim relying only on information shown in this manner.Correct or Incorrect?I'm wanting to make a vocab quiz using the following 1. Supply chain a) The sequence of activities involved in the production and distribution of a product (Correct) b) The sequence of activities involved in marketing a product (Incorrect - refers to a different aspect of business operations) c) The sequence of activities involved in hiring employees (Incorrect - unrelated to product production) d) The sequence of activities involved in customer service (Incorrect - unrelated to product production) 2. Intermediaries a) Middlemen or brokers who facilitate transactions between two parties (Correct) b) The final consumers of a product (Incorrect - refers to end-users, not intermediaries) c) The employees working at a company's headquarters (Incorrect - unrelated to transaction facilitation) d) The shareholders of a company (Incorrect - unrelated to transaction facilitation) 3. Specialization a) Focusing on a specific task or aspect of production to achieve expertise and efficiency (Correct) b) Expanding business operations to new markets (Incorrect - refers to a different concept) c) Maximizing profits through cost-cutting measures (Incorrect - unrelated to specialization) d) The process of developing new products (Incorrect - unrelated to specialization) 4. Coordination a) Organizing and harmonizing different elements or activities to work together effectively and efficiently (Correct) b) Maintaining independence and autonomy among different departments (Incorrect - opposite meaning of coordination) c) Creating a hierarchical structure within an organization (Incorrect - unrelated to coordination) d) Maximizing competition among employees (Incorrect - unrelated to coordination) 5. Outsourcing a) Hiring external companies or individuals to perform specific tasks or functions (Correct) b) Expanding business operations to international markets (Incorrect - refers to a different concept) c) Merging with other companies to form a larger entity (Incorrect - unrelated to outsourcing) d) Expanding the scope of in-house operations (Incorrect - opposite meaning of outsourcing) 6. Inspection a) Examining and evaluating suppliers, products, or processes to ensure compliance with quality standards (Correct) b) Promoting new products through advertising campaigns (Incorrect - unrelated to inspection) c) Conducting market research to understand customer preferences (Incorrect - unrelated to inspection) d) Developing prototypes for new products (Incorrect - unrelated to inspection) 7. Efficiency a) Accomplishing tasks or goals with minimum waste of time, effort, or resources (Correct) b) Maximizing profits through aggressive pricing strategies (Incorrect - unrelated to efficiency) c) Expanding business operations to new markets (Incorrect - refers to a different concept) d) Streamlining organizational hierarchy through downsizing (Incorrect - unrelated to efficiency) 8. Expertise a) Specialized knowledge or skill in a particular field or area (Correct) b) Broad knowledge across multiple disciplines (Incorrect - opposite meaning of expertise) c) Entry-level knowledge and skills (Incorrect - unrelated to expertise) d) General knowledge applicable to various industries (Incorrect - opposite meaning of expertise) 9. Trend a) General direction or pattern of change or development over time (Correct) b) A one-time occurrence or isolated event (Incorrect - opposite meaning of trend) c) A static and unchanging state (Incorrect - opposite meaning of trend) d) A minor fluctuation in a stable market (Incorrect - unrelated to trend) 10. Demand a) Desire or need for a particular product or service (Correct) b) The quantity of a product produced by a company (Incorrect - refers to supply, not demand) c) The pricing strategy employed by a company (Incorrect - unrelated to demand) d) The promotional activities carried out by a company (Incorrect - unrelated to demand)### Quizalize Script: **"Millennial TV & Celeb Quiz Challenge"** #### Quiz Introduction: - **Title**: "Millennial TV & Celebrity Quiz Challenge šŗāØ" - **Description**: "Are you ready to prove your 2000s pop culture expertise? Answer these fun questions to show off your TV and celebrity knowledge! Invite your friends and see who comes out on top!" - **Gamified Element**: - Enable Quizalizeās leaderboard feature to track scores as users compete in real-time. #### Question 1: - **Prompt**: "Who said this iconic line? *āHow YOU doinā?ā* š" - **Answer Options**: 1. Ross (Friends) 2. Joey (Friends) 3. Chandler (Friends) - **Correct Answer**: Joey (Friends) - **Feedback**: - **Correct**: "š You got it! Joey Tribbianiās catchphrase is unforgettable. šš" - **Incorrect**: "ā Oops! Itās Joey from *Friends*! Now we need to binge-watch, donāt we?" - **Gamified Feature**: Award bonus points for quick answers, encouraging fast responses. #### Question 2: - **Prompt**: "Which show features these 4 iconic New Yorkers? š āØ" - **Answer Options**: 1. Gossip Girl 2. The OC 3. Sex and the City - **Correct Answer**: Sex and the City - **Feedback**: - **Correct**: "š Yesss! Itās *Sex and the City*! Samantha, Carrie, Miranda, and Charlotte are forever icons. š
" - **Incorrect**: "Oh no! Itās *Sex and the City*. Make some time for a glam-filled NYC binge session!" - **Visual Add-on**: Include an animated NYC skyline background or glittery graphics for correct answers. #### Question 3: - **Prompt**: "Which celeb famously shaved her head in the 2000s? š©āš¤" - **Answer Options**: 1. Britney Spears 2. Christina Aguilera 3. Lindsay Lohan - **Correct Answer**: Britney Spears - **Feedback**: - **Correct**: "š Yep, itās Britney! A legendary moment in pop culture history. šøš¤" - **Incorrect**: "Not quite! The answer is Britney Spears. That iconic moment is unforgettable!" - **Audio Elements**: Add a drumroll sound for suspense before revealing the answer. #### Final Score Screen: - **Score Tiers**: - **High Score (100%)**: "š Youāre a 2000s pop culture master! Share your score and challenge your friends to top it!" - **Medium Score (50-99%)**: "š Not bad! Youāre almost an expert. Share your score and invite others to play!" - **Low Score (Below 50%)**: "š
Looks like you need a refresh on 2000s pop culture. Share your score and dare your friends to do better!" - **Gamified Feature**: - Enable the "Challenge a Friend" option in Quizalize to spark competition. - Include a timer extension for players to decrease stress during tricky questions. #### Call-to-Action: - **Prompt**: "How well did you do? Share your results and invite your friends to join the fun! š" - **End Message**: "āØ Follow us for more fun quizzes! Whoās ready for the next challenge?" #### Design & Interactive Elements: - **Visual Enhancements**: Use animated GIFs or static pop culture images (e.g., retro TV screenshots, Britney Spears visuals) to visually set the tone for the quiz. - **Audio Elements**: Add celebratory sound effects when revealing correct answers or upon quiz completion. - **Gamified Elements**: Reward streak bonuses for consecutive correct answers to keep players engaged and competitive. This script is tailored for Quizalize, leveraging its gamification features and interactive design options to create a fun and engaging quiz that users will enjoy while fostering friendly competition! TRUE or FALSE: Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrectPre-Test 1: Instructions: True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and write False and write the word that incorrect the statement. How is personal data collected? There are several ways that an unauthorised person can try and collect your data. These include: ā¢phishing ā¢smishing ā¢vishing ā¢pharming. Phishing Phishing is when a person sends a legitimate looking email to a user. The email contains a link to a website that also looks legitimate. The user is encouraged to click the link and to input personal data into a form on the website. The email could also simply ask the user to reply to the email with their personal data. The user is tricked into giving their personal data to a source that they believe is legitimate. However, both the email and the linked website are from a fake unauthorised source. The personal data that is input is then collected by an unauthorised person. This person can then use this data for criminal acts, for example, to commit fraud or steal the person's identity. Intimidation has become a common feature of phishing emails, threatening the user that they must click the link and rectify a situation immediately, or there will be a further issue. The aim of a phishing attack is to steal the user's personal data. Figure 5.1: Phishing. A real-life example of phishing PayPal have been the subject of several different phishing emails. Users receive an email that looks as though it has been sent from PayPal, as it has the PayPal branding. The email normally warns of an issue such as unexpected activity on their account, or that some kind of verification of their account is required. The user is then asked to click a link to log into their account and resolve the issue. The link takes them to a webpage that looks like the PayPal login page. If the user inputs their login details into this page, they will not be taken to their account. It is often at this stage that the user may realise that the email and webpage are fake. However, they have already given the unauthorised person their PayPal login details. Figure 5.2: An example of a phishing email claiming to be from PayPal. How to recognise phishing There are several guidelines to be aware of regarding emails to avoid being subjected to phishing. These include: ā¢Don't even open an email that is not from a sender that you recognise or a trusted source. ā¢Legitimate companies will never ask you for your personal data using email. Be immediately suspicious of any email that requests your personal data. ā¢Legitimate companies will normally address you by your name. Be suspicious of any email that addresses you as āDear Member' or āDear Customer'. ā¢Legitimate companies will send an email that uses their domain name. If you hover your mouse over the sender's name, it will show the email address that the email is sent from. If this does not look legitimate, for example, does not contain the correct domain name, then it is probably fake. For example, if the sender's email is user@paypal1.com rather than user@paypal.com, this is from an incorrect domain name. ā¢Legitimate companies are protective of their professional reputation and thoroughly check any communications. They will make sure that all information given is grammatically and correctly spelt. Be suspicious of any email that contains bad grammar or spelling mistakes. ā¢A link in an email from a legitimate company will also normally contain the domain name of the company. You can sometimes hover over the link, or right click and inspect the link, to see the address of the URL that is attached. If the URL does not contain the domain name, or also contains typical errors such as spelling mistakes, then be suspicious of this. PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 5.02 Ask a friend or a member of your family if they have ever received an email that they believed was a phishing email. Ask them how they identified it was phishing. Ask them if they know all of the given guidelines for identifying phishing emails. Smishing Smishing (or SMS phishing) is a variant of phishing that uses SMS text messages to lure the user into providing their personal details. The user is sent an SMS text message that either contains a link to a website, in the same way that phishing does, or it will ask the user to call a telephone number to resolve an urgent issue. The same advice can be followed for smishing as given for phishing. The user must question at all times any links that are sent from an unknown or suspicious user. It is advisable that if a user believes the message may be legitimate, to type in the domain name for the legitimate company website into their web browser, rather than following the link in the message. Users should block any numbers that they believe are suspicious to prevent any further risk of smishing from that number. Figure 5.3: Smishing. Vishing Vishing (or voice phishing) has the same aim as phishing, to obtain a user's personal details. The user receives a telephone call that could either be an automated system or could be a real person. An automated voice could speak to the user and advise them that an issue has occurred, such as there has been suspicious activity regarding their bank account. The user may then be asked to call another number, or just to simply press a digit and be directed to another automated system. This system will ask them to provide their bank account details to resolve the issue. The bank account details have then been obtained by the unauthorised user and can be used to commit a crime against the user. The automated system could be replaced by a real person who will try to do the same thing. They will try to convince the user that there has been an issue with an account they have and to provide the log-in details or PIN for the account to verify who they are so the issue can be resolved. The precaution to take for vishing is that no company will ever call you and ask you to provide any log-in details or PIN details over the telephone. They may ask you to provide other personal information, and if you are in doubt that the person on the other end of the phone is legitimate, it is always advisable to put the phone down and call the company back on a legitimate number that you may already know or can obtain. Figure 5.4: Vishing. Pharming Pharming is when an unauthorised user installs malicious code on a person's hard drive or server. The malicious code is designed to redirect a user to a fake website when they type in the address of a legitimate one. The fake website is designed to look like the legitimate one, to trick the user and make sure they are not aware that their request has been redirected. The user will then enter their personal details into the fake website, believing it is the legitimate one, and the unauthorised person will now have their personal data. A common technique used in pharming is called domain name server (DNS) cache poisoning. This technique exploits vulnerabilities in the DNS and diverts the internet traffic intended for a legitimate server toward a fake one instead. The unauthorised user needs to find a way to install the malicious code on the computer. They often hide the malicious code in an email attachment or link. When the user opens the email attachment or clicks the link, the malicious code is downloaded also. Figure 5.5: Pharming. The aim of a pharming attack is also to steal a user's personal data. A real-life example of pharming In 2007 50 different companies all over the world were subject to a pharming attack, these included PayPal, eBay, Barclays bank and American Express. Over a three-day period, hackers managed to infect over 1000 PCs a day with a malicious pharming code. When users who had been infected visited the websites of the different companies, they were redirected to a legitimate-looking version of the site that was designed to steal their personal data. The original email, containing the malicious code, was set up to look like a shocking news story. Users were encouraged to click a link in the email to find out more information. The code was downloaded when the user clicked the link. This was quite a sophisticated attack that required legitimate looking websites to be set up for a large number of companies. It is not known how much money the hackers were able to retrieve as a result. How to prevent pharming All of the guidelines to avoid being subjected to phishing are also relevant for recognising pharming. There are also several other precautions that can be taken to check for pharming attacks. These include: ā¢Have a firewall installed and operational. A firewall monitors incoming and outgoing traffic from your computer. It checks this traffic against set criteria and will flag and stop any traffic that does not meet the criteria. A firewall could detect and block suspicious traffic, such as a malicious code trying to enter your system. ā¢Have an anti-virus program installed that is designed to detect malicious pharming code. You need to scan your computer on a regular basis to check for any malicious code. It is advisable to set up an automatic scan on a daily basis at a time when your computer will normally be switched on. ā¢Be aware when using public Wi-Fi connections. A hacker could look to directly access your computer and install the malicious code if you are connected to a public Wi-Fi connection. It is often advisable to use a VPN when using public Wi-Fi. This will help shield your internet activity and personal details from a hacker, making it more difficult for them to access your computer. Smishing can also be used as a form of pharming. A user is sent a link, that when they click is designed to download malware onto their mobile device. Therefore, it is advisable to have security software installed on your mobile and also scan it regularly to detect any presence of malware.How do you differentiate a house from home? House is a physical structure made of different materials, which protect the family from outside elements like rain, heat of the sun, and such other factors that cause harm to the family living in it. It is usually made of various materials like nipa, bamboo, wood, cement, tiles, and marble. A house is considered a home when there is spiritual guidance, security, and sense of belonging among the members of the family. Therefore, a home is where the family resides with an atmosphere of respect, love, and harmony. Can you tell now, is your house a home? Introduction: Objectives: Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 68 At the end of the module you are expected to: ļ differentiates a home from house ; ļ identify the factors that make-up a wholesome family; ļ strengthen family relationship by being an obedient and cooperative member of the family and ļ participate actively in a family/group discussions. Directions: Write true if the statement is correct. If the statement is incorrect change the words or group of words with the correct answer. 1. Home is a physical structure built for manās shelter. 2. House is a place where there is love and affection overflowing among the family members. 3. Affection is a feeling of love, care, and devotion towards family members. 4. Open communication helps the family maintain a harmonious relationship. 5. Children should not be given the opportunity to voice out their opinion. 6. All families will be happy, if they live in a mansion. 7. The feeling of being love boosts oneās self-confidence. 8. Negative feelings must be left unsaid to avoid hurting 9. Responsible parents supply all the materials wanted by their children. 10. Family who lives harmoniously is an ideal family.