According to functionalist theory, how does crime and deviance contribute to social change?

By highlighting areas in society that need improvement

By promoting a sense of unity among society

By encouraging individuals to conform to societal norms

How do functionalists explain the presence of crime and deviance in all societies?

As a normal and inevitable part of social life

As a reflection of moral decline

As a consequence of economic inequality

As a result of individual psychopathology

How do functionalists view the role of punishment in controlling crime and deviance?

As a means of reasserting social norms and values

As a way to increase individual freedoms

As a method of promoting criminal behavior

How do functionalist theorists explain the concept of anomie in relation to crime and deviance?

As a state of normlessness resulting from rapid social change

As a result of individual moral decay

As a consequence of biological factors

As a form of collective behavior

According to functionalist theory, what role do institutions such as the education system play in preventing crime and deviance?

They socialize individuals into adhering to societal norms and values

They have no impact on crime and deviance

They promote individualism at the expense of social cohesion

They encourage rebellious behavior

How do functionalists view the relationship between crime and social solidarity within a society?

Crime can serve to reinforce social solidarity by uniting members against deviant behavior

Crime is a reflection of the strength of social solidarity

Crime weakens social solidarity by causing division and conflict

Crime has no impact on social solidarity within a society

According to functionalist theory, what is one way in which crime and deviance can actually benefit society?

By serving as a mechanism for social change and adaptation

By promoting conformity to established norms

By increasing social cohesion and stability

Crime and deviance aqa a level

Crime and Deviance Definitions

Sociology Crime and Deviance

What is a crime A crime is generally defined as an act or omission that is prohibited by criminal law Two critical ingredients of a crime are: 1) the commission of an act (Actus reus) 2) the mental intent to commit the act (Mens rea) A crime occurs when a person Commits an act or fails to commit an act when under a legal responsibility to do so Has the intent or mens rea to commit the act Does not have a legal defence or justification for committing the act and Violates a provision in criminal law The Social construction of crime Important to distinguish between behaviours that may be considered deviant by society and crimes Deviance is behaviour that is contrary to the norms and values of the larger society Crime is behaviour that breaks the law Deviance includes: Criminal behaviour and Wide range of other behaviours not against the law: May be frowned upon by the larger society What is viewed as deviant changes over time Crime includes: Social construction of crime Legal status of behaviours is not determined by behaviour itself but result of social response to the behaviour/persons/groups engaged in it Criminologists often conduct historical analyses to understand how social, economic and political environments may influence legislation Moral entrepreneurs Often play a key role in criminalizing certain activities Individuals, groups or organizations, seek action against certain groups of people/behaviours and bring pressure on legislators to enact criminal statutes The Origins and Application of the Criminal Law Differing perspectives on where criminal laws come from/ applied via the criminal justice system are reflected in two models 1) Value consensus model 2) Conflict Model Value consensus model Behaviours are defined as criminal/punishment imposed, reflect opinions/limits of tolerance Application of law, society reaffirms acceptable behaviours/social cohesion Conflict Model Crime and punishment reflect the power some groups have to influence, formulation/application of criminal law rich/privileged have an advantage in influencing law reform/criminal justice system The Canadian Legal System Is a common law system, with exception of Quebec which has a civil law system (Based on the French Code Napoleon) Common law is law based on custom, tradition, practice and generally unwritten Precedent is a judicial decision may be use as a standard in subsequent similar cases Canadian Courts Canadian courts organised in a hierarchy Supreme court of Canada is the highest court Stare decisis- principle whereby higher courts set precedents that lower courts must follow “To stand by what was decided” Like cases should be treated alike All courts below SSC bound to apply that same ruling in subsequent cases Criminal Law Body of law deals with conduct considered so harmful to society as a whole that it is prohibited by statute and prosecuted and punished by the government Functions of the Criminal Law In Canadian society, Criminal law provides the following functions Acts as a mechanism of social control Defines the parameters of acceptable behaviour Reduces the risk of personal retaliation Assists in general and specific deterrence Prosecutes criminalized behaviour Protects groups interests Principles of Canadian Law The Rule of Law The requirement that governments as well as individuals be subjected to Traced back to the English Magna Carta The essence of the rule of law is that No one person is above the law All persons are bound by the law All are entitled to protection by the law The law should be observed and enforced equally There is a standard to which criminal justice officials must adhere and will be held accountable Criminal Law Vs. Civil (Tort) Law Summary Crime is a social construction and is a reflection of changing time and mores Criminal law is not static and what behaviour legislatively defined as criminal can change overnight There are instances in which controversy arises when the criminal law is applied to issues of ethics, morality and religion The criminal law was identified as one type of public law and the functions of the criminal law were set out The rule of law and the charter of rights and freedoms are two key parts of the foundation of the criminal justice system There are several principles that also provide the foundation for Canadian law The role, principles origins and application of the criminal law were examined and a number of case studies were presented to illustrate the dynamic nature of the criminal law in a diverse society

Crime, deviance and comformity in sociology

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