On December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii, was attacked by Japan. The surprise attack killed many people and destroyed many ships. People feared that the United States mainland would be attacked, just like Hawaii had been. The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke to Congress, describing December 7 as "a date which will live in infamy." He said that we, as Americans, "will not only defend ourselves . . . but will make certain that this . . . shall never endanger us again." President Roosevelt said that Americans must work together to prevent further attacks. The speech helped to calm people's fears, but it also inspired them to act. Throughout the war that followed, Roosevelt's Day of Infamy speech reminded Americans that they must work together to win the war. - This passage is mainly about:

Speeches can affect people deeply. The words in a speech can calm, anger, or inspire people in an audience. However, the way in which the words are said can also affect people. Today, speeches can be recorded with video cameras and other machines. People who were not in the audience when the speech was delivered can hear and see the speech. They can be calmed, angered, or inspired, just as the first audience was. A written copy of a speech can affect people too. Many famous speeches were made before video cameras were invented. In 1775, Patrick Henry made a speech that ended with the words "Give me liberty or give me death." Even today, Patrick Henry's speech still inspires Americans to fight for their liberty. - The best title for this passage would be:

American presidents begin a new term by giving a speech called an inaugural address. In 1961, when John F. Kennedy became president, four countries had nuclear bombs, and many people were afraid of the damage nuclear bombs could cause. In his inaugural address, President Kennedy asked people to work on their shared problems, not their differences. He challenged Americans to “ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.” President Kennedy also challenged people around the world to “ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.” President Kennedy’s inaugural address inspired people to work for freedom and human rights. He said that working together would make people safe and free. -- In his speech, President Kennedy challenged people to:

On a hot day in 1963, more than 250,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., to hear Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., speak. Standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, Dr. King said that he wanted equal rights for all people. Dr. King repeated the phrase “I have a dream” to describe his hopes for the future, including his dream that his “four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” His “I have a dream” speech continues to inspire people to dream and to work for human rights. – What was the main idea of Dr. King’s speech?

When an environmental disaster occurs, large numbers of plants and animals, and even the Earth itself, are damaged. Sometimes one event, like a ship spilling oil into the ocean, causes the damage. At other times, the damage can be caused by activities that happen over many years. Currently, Haiti is suffering from environmental damage caused by years of forest clearing. In 1950, about two of every five square miles of Haiti were covered with forest. Since that time, people have cut down millions of trees to make space for farmland and to get firewood to burn. Today, only about 1 of every 100 square miles of Haiti is covered with forest. Clearing so much forest has led to many environmental problems. With few trees to hold the soil in place, heavy rains create floods that kill people and wash away the topsoil that is needed to grow food. - Which of the following best describes the environmental disaster in this article?

Being a clown isn't all fun and games. Rodeo clowns expose themselves to great danger every time they perform. When cowboys dismount or bulls buck them off, rodeo clowns jump in front of the bulls and motion wildly to get their attention. In this way rodeo clowns provide an alternate target, and in doing so protect the rider. Of course, this is a very dangerous thing to do. So you see, sometimes clowning around can be serious business. - What would be the best title for this article?

Wolverines are medium sized mammals. They weigh no more than 50 lbs. Yet they have earned their reputation for ferocity by killing prey many times their size. But why do they get in so many fights? The reason why wolverines have so many conflicts with other animals (including wolves, cougars, and even bears) is probably because of the wolverine's preferred hunting style. Rather than chasing down or tricking its prey like most hunters, the wolverine prefers to take its meals directly from other hunters. So while a polar bear or a lone wolf might be enjoying a hard earned carcass, a hungry wolverine may try to take his lunch. As you might imagine, this style of hunting get the wolverine in plenty of fights. - According to the passage, why are wolverines so ferocious?

Sometime in December of 1891, Dr. James Naismith was teaching gym at the YMCA College in Springfield, Massachusetts. It was raining, and Dr. Naismith was trying to keep his students active. He wanted them playing a vigorous game that would keep them moving. He rejected a few ideas that were too rough. Then Naismith had his breakthrough. He wrote out the rules for a game with peach baskets fixed to ten-foot elevated tracks. Naismith's students played against one another, passing the ball around and shooting it into the peach baskets. Dribbling wasn't a part of the original game. Also it took a while to realize that the game would run more smoothly if the bottoms of the baskets were removed. But this game grew to be one of the most popular sports in America today. Can you guess which one?

What's that humming sound? Could it be the hummingbird, the only bird capable of backward flight? Hummingbirds have many unique flight habits that distinguish them from other birds. Most birds flap their wings up and down to fly, but the hummingbird moves its wings forward and backward very rapidly in a figure eight pattern. This allows the hummingbird to hover in position. They can also fly upside down and move about very rapidly. Other birds have to push off with their feet to begin flying and work their ways up to their top speeds. The hummingbird can both start flying at maximum speed and stop flying instantaneously. Once you've seen a hummingbird in flight, it's unlikely that you'll mistake them for another bird. - What makes the hummingbird unique in its flying ability?

You might think that all automobile fuels are the same, but they aren't. Automobiles can run on one of three types of fuel: gasoline, diesel, and biodiesel. All these fuels are burned inside of the engine, which creates the heat and energy that is used to power the car. But there are important differences between these fuels. Gasoline and diesel are more common than biodiesel. But each burns differently. Diesel fuel is heavier and less flammable than gasoline, so it has to be compressed before it will burn. Gasoline may be lighter than diesel, but both fuels are made from crude oil. On the other hand, biodiesel fuel is made from vegetables. Both biodiesel and diesel fuels must be burned in diesel engines, which only use diesel fuel. If gasoline is pumped into a diesel engine, it will have to be pumped out. These fuels may look pretty similar at the gas station, but remember that there are important differences between them or it may cost you. - The best title for this article would be: