Which of the following describes the 'Principle of Least Privilege' (PoLP) as a standard within a data governance security policy?

Users are granted only the minimum levels of access—or permissions—needed to perform their job functions.

The least expensive software tools should be prioritized when building data repositories.

Only the newest employees are required to undergo data ethics and privacy training.

Data should be stored for the shortest possible time before being automatically archived.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of 'Data Governance' within an organization?

Establishing the high-level rules, roles, and responsibilities to ensure data is secure, accurate, and usable.

The specific hardware configurations required to prevent unauthorized physical access to server rooms.

The physical process of transferring data from an on-site server to a cloud storage provider.

A set of programming libraries used solely for encrypting user passwords in a database.

An organization adopts a 'Data Classification' policy as part of its governance framework. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of implementing this policy?

Data is categorized by sensitivity levels (e.g., Public, Internal, Confidential) to determine the appropriate security controls and access permissions for each category.

Every employee is required to manually check each data entry for spelling and grammatical errors.

The organization deletes all data that is more than one year old to reduce the cost of cloud storage.

All data is automatically converted into a single file format to ensure that every software application can open it.

In the context of data management, what is the primary distinction between a 'Data Standard' and 'Data Access'?

A Data Standard defines the format and structure for consistency, while Data Access determines which individuals or systems have permission to retrieve the data.

A Data Standard serves as a firewall against hackers, while Data Access focuses on organizing data into rows and columns in a spreadsheet.

A Data Standard refers to how much a company pays for data storage, while Data Access describes the physical location of the server room.

A Data Standard is a legal requirement set by the government, while Data Access refers only to the speed of the internet connection used to download files.

Data governance, standard and policy

Why and How Managers Plan Importance of planning The planing process Benefits of planning Planning and time management Types of PLans used by managers Long term and short term plans Strageic and tactical plans Operational plans Planning Tools and Techiqunes Forecasting Contrigency planning Scenario planning Benchmaking Use of staff planners Implementing Plans to Achive Results Goal setting Goal management Goal alignment Participation and involvement Planning Def: The process of setting objectives and determining how best to accomplish them Planning at Eaton Corporation “Making the hard decision before events force them upon you, an anticipating the future needs of the market before the demand asset itself Objectives and goals Identifity the specific results or desired outcomes that one intends to achieve Plan Def: A statement of action steps to be taken in order to accomplish the objectives (goals) Steps in the planning process: Define your objectives Determine where you stand vis-a-vis objectives Develpo premises reagrdsing future conditions Analyze alternatives and make a plan Implement the plan and evaluate results What are the benefits of planning Improves focus and flexibility Imporves action orteitation Imporves coordination and control Imporves time management Time Managment Personal time management tips Do say “no” to request that distract you form what you should be doing Dont get bogged down inn details that can be addressed later Do screen telephone calls, emails and meeting request Dont let drop in visitors, text messaging use up your time Do prioritize your important and urgent work Dont become calendar bound by letting other control your schedule Do follow priorities; do most important and urgent work first Some 77% of mangers in one survey said that digital age has increased th number of decisions they have to make 43% said there was less time available to make these decisions Types of plans used by Managers What is teh time horizon Long term vs Short term Long term Look three or more years into teh future Short term plans Typically cover one year or less However: the increasing environmental complexity and dynamism of recent years has severely tested the concept of “long-term” planning Plans are subject to frequent revisions Most executives would likely agree that these complexities adn uncertainties challenge how er actually go about planning and how far ahead we can really plan At the very least we can conclude that there is a lot less permanency to long term plans today and that tey are subject to frequent revision Managment reaeracher Eillot Jaques believes tha people vary in their capability to think with different time horizons Types of Plans used by Managers (3 of 5) Strategic plans Set broad, comprehensive and linger term action directions for teh entire organization or major division Vision Clarifies purpose of the organization and what it hopes to be on the future Typical plans Specify how the organizations resources are used to implement strategy Tactical plans in business often take the form of functional plans Functional plans Incidate how different component within the organiztion will help accompnlish the overall strategy Production plans Finacial plans Facilites Plans Logisitc plans Marketing plans Human Resource Plans Operation plans Describe short-term activities to implement strategic plans Policies: Are standing plans that communicate guidelines for decisions Ex: Policies on office romances: The media is quick to report when a top executive or public figures runs into trouble over an office affair. Are there ant policies on office romances? Employer polices on office raltioshiis vary. One survey find teh following: 24% prohibit relationships among employees in the same department 13% prohibit relationships among employees who have the smae supervisor 80% prohibit relationships between supervisors and subordinates 5% have no restrictions on office romances Procedures: Are rules that describe actions to be taken in specific situations Budgets: are single use plans that commit resources to projects or activities Zero based budgets: allocate resources as if each budget were brand new There is no guarantee that any past funding will be renwer. All propsales, old and new, must compete for available funds at teh start of each new budget cycle Forcasting Attempts to predict the future Qualitaive forecasting uses expert opinions Quantitative forecasting uses mathematical models and statiscal aanylsis of historical data dna surveys Contingency planning Identify alternative course of action to take when things go wrong Anticipate changing conditions Contain trigger points to indicate when to activate plan (or a specific course of action) Scenario planning A long term version of contingency planning Identifying alternative future scenarios Plans made for each future scenario Increases organizations flexibility and preparation for future shocks Benchmarking Use of external and internal comparisons to better evaluate current performance Adopting best practices: things people adn organization do that lead to superior performance Staff Planners Experts who assist in all steps of the planning process They help bring focus and expertise to a wide variety of planning tasks Important: Communication between staff planers landline managers is essential for teh success of teh planning process Goal Setting - Always set SMART goal The solution: Goal Aligment Between Team Leader and Team Member Jonintly plan: Set objectives, set standards, choose actions Individually acy: Perform tasks (member), provide support (leader) Jointly control: Review results, discuss implications, renew cycle x4 Collective effort and commitment Participatroy planning Includes in all planning steps that people who will be affected by the plans adn askedd to help implement them Unloacks motivational potential of goal setting Management by objective (MBO) promotes participation Participation increases understanding and acceptance of plan and commitment to success Participatory planning - Number of people involved in teh decision making process Amazon is intensely focused on what it does. It believes in creating tight single-threaded teams, also known as “2 pizza team.” Data and Decision Making What are some of the important competencies managers must have today? Delegate Marketing and technology Manager must have Technological competency Ability to understand new technologies and to use them to their best advantage Information competency Ability to locate, gather, organize and display information for decision-making and problem solving Analytical competency Ability to evaluate and analyze information to make actual decisions and solve real problems What is the difference between Data and Information Data Raw facts and observation Information Data made useful and meaningful for decision-making Important concepts Big data Exists in huge quantities and is difficult to process without sophisticated mathematical and analytical techniques Data production today Bernard Marr is an internationally best-selling author. He helps organizations improve their business performance, use data more intelligently Data mining The process of analyzing data to produce useful information for decision-makers Management Analytics The systematic evaluation and analysis of data to make informed decision Information drives management Bad Data Refers to information that can be erroneous, misleading, and without general formatting The challenge: Can er use the data that is available in the “Big Data” Needs to be valid Can not trust everything out there Being ethical Look at the trends Data is structured and unstructured Data BIg Data = Structured + Unstructured Information Drive Management decision making What are the characteristics of useful information Easy to access If its credible Accurate Characteristics of useful information: Timely High quality Complete Relevant Understandable What about bad data It's not credible Miss information If it is not structured/ organized Bias based on opinions Confusing If its updated Bad data Refers to information that can be erroneous miss What are some examples of Management information system Business intelligence -BI Information systems to extract and report data in organized ways that are useful to decision-makers Executive dashboards Visually update and display key performance metrics (or Key Performance Indicators -KPIs) and information on a real-time basis Information needs in organization External Environment Information exchanges with the external environment Gather intelligence information Provide public information Information needs within the organizations (internal Enviroement) Information exchange within the organization Facilitate decision making Facilitate problem-solving Managers as information processors Continually gather, share and receive information Now as much electronic as it is face-to-face Always on, always connected How many people telecommute at least once a week 70% of people globally work remotely at least once a week, Work at home after covid 19 our forecast Our best estimate it that 25-30% of the workforce will be working form home multiple days a week by the end of 2021 As of 2023, 12.7% of full time employees work from home, while 28.2% work a hybrid model Managers as problem solvers Problem-solving The process of identifying a discrepancy between actual and desired performance and taking action to resolve it Ishikawa Fishbone diagram To identify the cause of problems Decision A choice among possible alternative courses of action Performance threat Something is wrong or has the potential to go wrong Performance opportunity The situation offers the chance for a better future if the right steps are taken Problem-solving approaches or style - from textbook Problem avoiders Inactive in information gathering and solving problems Problem seekers Proactive in anticipation of problems and opportunities and taking appropriate action to gain an advantage Problem solvers Reactive in gathering information and solving problem Managers - can approach problems in a systematic or intuitive manner Systematic thinking approaches problem in rational, step-by-step and analytical fashion Intuitive thinking approaches problems in a flexible and spontaneous fashion Multidimensional thinking- applies both intuitive and systematic thinking Managers face structured and unstructured problems Structure problems Are ones that are familiar, straight forward, and clear with respect to information needs Program decisions apply solutions that are readily available from past experiences to solve structured problems Know how to solve them Familiar Know what we are dealing with Unstructured problems Are ones that are full of ambiguities and information deficiencies Nonprogrammed decisions apply a specific solution to meet the demands of a unique problem Commonly faced by higher-level management Crisis decision making A crisis involves an unexpected problem that can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately Ruled for crisis management Figure out what is going on Remember that speed matters Remember that slow counts, too Respect the danger of the unfamiliar Value the skeptic Be ready to “fight fire with fire” Managers make decisions with various amounts of information Certain environment Offers complete information on possible action alternatives and their consequences Risk environment Lacks complete information but offers probabilities of the likely outcomes for possible action alternatives Uncertain environment Lacks so much information that it is difficult to assign probabilities to the likely outcomes of alternative Ex: Certain and uncertain environments: The worldwide Governance Indicators for over 200 countries, comparing distinct environments (Canada-Brazil) Step 1-Identify and define the problem Focuses on information gathering information processing and deliberation Decision objectives should be established What are some common mistakes in definding problems? Common mistakes in defining problems Defining the problem too broadly or too narrowly Focusing on symptoms instead of causes Choosing the wrong problem to deal with Step 2- Generate and Evaluate Alternative Courses of Action Potential solutions are formulated and more information is gathered, data are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of alternative solutions are identified Common mistakes: Abandoning the search for alternatives too quickly Step 3- Decide on a preferred course of Action Two different approaches Behavioural model leads to satisficing decisions Classical model les to optimising decisions Behavioural Model Rationality is bounded because: There are limits our thinks capacity Available information (incomplete) Time constraints Step 4-Implement the decision Involves taking action to make sure the solution decided upon becomes a reality Managers need to have the willingness and ability to implement action plans Problems: Lack of participation error should be avoided Step 5 - Evaluate Results Involves comparing actual and desired results The positive and negative consequences of the chosen course of action should be examined If actual results fall short desire results, the manager returns to earlier steps in the decision-making process At all steps, check ethical reasoning Ask these spotlight questions Utility Does teh decision satisfy all constituents or stakeholders Rights Does the description respect the rights and duties of everyone? Justice Is the decision consistent with the canons of justice Caring Is the decision consistent with my responsibilities to care? Issues in decision-making How do errors happen? Heuristics: are strategies for simplifying decision-making Availability Bias: Bases a decision on recent information or events Representativeness bias: Bases a decision on similarity to other situations Anchoring and Adjustment Bias: Bases a decision on incremental adjustment from a prior decision point Framing error: Tring to solve a problem in the context perceived, positive or negative Confirmation Error: Focusing on information that confirms a decision already made Escalating commitment: Continuing a course of action even though it is not working Creative Decision making Creativity is the generation of a novel idea or unique approach that solves a problem or crafts an opportunity Big C: Creativity occurs when extraordinary things are done by exceptional people Little C: Creativity occurs when average people come up with unique ways to deal with daily events and situations The three types of situational creativity drivers Chapter review What are objectives and goals? The specific results or desired outcomes What are the 5 characteristics of great (SMART) goals? Forecasting - Attempts Qualitative forecasting uses options Quantitative forecasting uses mathematical models and statistical analysis of historical data and surveys Scenarios-Oracle’s crystal ball combines qualitative and quantitative methods

Data Governance

Data Governance Quiz

DMBK2: Data Governance & Data Ethics (chapters 2 and 3)

CHAPTER 3 Data Governance

Learning Unit 2: Data Management, Warehouses and Governance

allora la civiltà egizia naturalmente a un suo cuore geografico che è la valle berica il fiume nilo le sue inondazioni periodiche sono al centro della vita egizia anzi sono quello che rende possibile la vita dell'egitto trasformando l'egitto in uno dei luoghi più fertili del mondo tenete conto che l'egitto continuerà a essere uno dei luoghi più fertili del mondo ancora molto tempo dopo ancora il tardo impero romano e l'impero bizantino prima delle invasioni arabe ricavavano dall'egitto il reddito più forti le terre della valle del nilo naturalmente fertilizzate dalle piene del grande fiume producono enormi quantità di messi la ricchezza di questa terra permette a informarsi di comunità stabile tra queste genti di stirpe ca mitica colui che è al sommo vertice della società il faraone riceve tributi da tutti quelli che producono nella sua saggezza e gli garantisce l'accumularsi di scorte che possono rappresentare una sicurezza contro le calamità naturale siccità distruzione dei racconti eccetera proprio a proposito del nilo ci è arrivata una domanda da franco il quale dice nota che nel documentario il fiume nilo viene definito padre di tutti gli dei e dice franco ma vorrei sapere se era davvero così severamente gli antichi egizi avevano l'immagine per cui il nilo era il padre degli dei o se si tratta di una licenza di rossellini e franco verrebbe anche sapere avere qualche ulteriore spiegazione sul politeismo degli antichi egizi e poi conclude con questa domanda ma perché data la loro storia plurimillenaria gli egizi non sono riusciti a esportare il loro credo ad altri popoli ecco questa è una domanda a cui voglio rispondere subito ecco perché perché è emblematica diciamo così della differenza fra le religioni monoteiste del nostro tempo e degli ultimi due millenni è invece le religioni politeiste dei popoli antichi i monoteismi per definizione sono in competizione fra loro il cristianesimo e l'islam adorano lo stesso dio ma se lo immaginano in modo diverso e ognuna è convinta di essere quella giusta e che l'altra sia sbagliata e da quando esistono sono in competizione cristianesimo e l'islam sono religioni che hanno per mission è quella di portare la parola di dio al mondo i volti degli dei non avevano niente del genere ogni popolo ha i suoi dei è convinto che sono i più forti spero che siano i più forti ogni popolo e convinto di essere protetto dai suoi dei in guerra e nella vita economica e in ogni altra situazione poi finisce lì a nessuno viene in mente che siccome noi adoriamo horus e osiride e amon ra allora anche anche i babilonesi coi greci dovrebbero adoravo di questo non faceva proprio parte della mentalità né degli egizi né di nessun altro a quei tempi omaggio anche il sole ora vieni a me illuminami indoor ami omaggio anche o solo ora potere supremo tu che eri novelli la terra che skew di ciò che sarà chiude tu sei il corpo di colui che ri novella la terra omaggio a teora potere supremo infiammato eterno che bruci i tuoi nemici fiamma che produce lingue di fuoco quanto alla domanda se il milan fosse davvero il padre degli dei ecco io da quello che ho potuto verificare franco temo che effettivamente lei abbia ragione è una cosa che è scappata daita rossellini perché suonava bene ma non mi sembra che sia così il lille è una grande forza cosmica ma non è un dio il nilo è una delle componenti di un universo che secondo gli egizi fin dalla creazione esiste con un suo ritmo ecco le inondazioni del nilo annuali sono uno dei ritmi che tengono in piedi l'universo come il susseguirsi delle stagioni come il ciclo del sole quotidiano quella è la cosa più importante forse il sole che è un dio potente id ora attraversa il cielo e poi scompare attraverso il regno dei morti e domani ritornerà allo stesso modo le inondazioni del nilo ritornano ogni anno per garantire quello che gli egiziani chiamano se ho capito bene il marat e cioè l'ordine del mondo dopodiché dopodichè lilo ha a che fare con gli dèi anche in un altro modo perché la forza e la più famosa leggenda degli egiziani e quelle del dio osiride che una volta era il più potente di tutti gli dei e che poi è stato aggredito e ucciso dal suo fratello il malvagio dio set dopodiché così ride è risorto a partire da quel momento però è stato incaricato di governare il regno dei morti e le lacrime della moglie di osiride iside per la sua morte sono il motivo per cui il nilo ogni anno si gonfia si riempie di acqua e poi in onda la sua valle [Musica]

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