In Moscow, Russia, the average temperature is 62.6 degrees Fahrenheit in June, _____ to 66.6 degrees in July, and then dips slightly to 62.6 degrees in August.

[1] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Planetary scientist Briony Horgan and her colleagues have determined that as much as 25 percent of the sand on Mars is composed of impact spherules. These spherical bits of glass form when asteroids collide with the planet, ejecting bits of molten rock into the atmosphere that, after cooling and solidifying into glass, ______ back onto Mars’s surface.

[2] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Author Madeline L’Engle, ______to create a suspenseful tone that draws the reader in, begins her novel A Wrinkle in Time with descriptions of “wraithlike shadows” and “the frenzied lashing of the wind.”

[3] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Taking a cultural studies approach to analyzing Willa Cather’s novel My Ántonia would lead a critic to focus on the intersection with popular culture inherent in the novel. On the other hand, a New Critical analysis _____ on elements such as structure and imagery might yield a radically different interpretation of Cather’s novel.

[4] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In recent years, economists around the world have created new tools that quantify the overall well-being of a country’s citizens. Economists in India, for example, use an Ease of Living Index. This tool _____economic potential, sustainability, and citizens’ quality of life.

[5] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, automobiles were commonly referred to as horseless carriages after the older technology they still resembled. Known as the Brass Era, this period in automotive design is remembered for its grandeur and artistry, its vehicles ______ by collectors for their ornate detailing and gleaming brass fittings.

[6] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

XLed by Syrian American astronomer Shadia Habbal, the Solar Wind Sherpas are an intrepid team of scientists who travel the globe to study solar winds, the streams of particles emanating from the Sun that are only visible from certain locations during a total solar eclipse. When such an eclipse is imminent, the Sherpas pack up their telescopes and ______ ready.

[7] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Founded in 1982 to promote renewable energy in the Western United States, the Pacific Clean Power Alliance was originally comprised of three partners: California, Oregon, and Washington. By the start of the 2010s, the alliance -------its membership count.

 [8] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Nowadays, square dancing is often seen as a lively folk activity at festivals. Surprisingly, over twenty US state legislatures decided------ square dancing as heir official state dance! These states formally recognized the dance form between the 1970s and 1990s.

[9] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seafloor from which geothermally heated water issues. You-------more about the unique ecosystems these vents support, which rely on chemosynthesis, in the upcoming unit.

[10] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass first appeared in 1855 as a slim collection of twelve poems, but Whitman would revise and expand it substantially over the next four decades. These extensive ______ the addition of hundreds of new poems, the removal of some existing ones, and the insertion of prefatory material, reflected the poet’s evolving literary perspective and experience of the US Civil War.

[11] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Consider the mechanics of the pinhole camera: light passes through a small hole, resulting in a focused projected image. A ray diagram reveals how this ______the hole’s small size restricts light to a single ray, all light passing through the hole can only arrive at a single destination, eliminating diffraction and ensuring a clear image.

[12] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Philosopher Peter Kivy was a leading figure in musical ______ evidenced by his belief that instead of evoking particular emotions, such as sadness or joy,  compositions elicit a listener’s emotional response to the structure and artistry of the music itself, Kivy’s approach to the study of music was decidedly formalist.   

[13] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Jetties—long, narrow structures that extend from a landmass into the water—are often constructed to protect coastlines from erosion. Jetties can sometimes have the opposite ______ obstructing the natural flow of sand along the shore can lead to increased erosion in some areas.

[14] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In 2000, Nora de Hoyos Comstock, herself an owner of a successful consulting firm, sought to increase Latina representation in corporate ______ founded Las Comadres para las Americas, an international community that for over two decades has served as a resource and information network for Latina business professionals.

[15] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Technologies such as microphones and inkjet printers are made using piezoelectric materials, which generate an internal electric field when pressure is applied to them. The toxic nature of some of these materials recently led a team from the University of Sheffield to investigate how ______

[16] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The artist Artemisia Gentileschi's painting La Pittura, symbolically _____ to portray the power of female artists in the realm of visual arts, is a highly regarded example of allegory.

[17] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Humans were long thought to have begun occupying the Peruvian settlement of Machu Picchu between 1440 and 1450 CE. However, a team led by anthropologist Dr. Richard Burger used accelerator mass spectrometry to uncover evidence that it was occupied ______1420 CE, according to Burger, humans were likely inhabiting the area.

[18] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Roughly 300 nights a year, when the cold air descending from the Andes Mountains meets the warm air rising from Venezuela’s coastal Lake Maracaibo, the result is a spectacular lightning storm, its strikes so bright, so localized, and so ______ that it has become known as “Maracaibo’s Lighthouse.”

[19] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The term “retroflex” derives from Latin and means “bent back,” an apt descriptor for the branch of consonants—retroflex consonants—pronounced with the tongue curling up and back in the mouth. In many languages, including English, these consonants are ______ in some dialects of Mandarin, however, four such consonants (“ch,” “sh,” “zh,” and “r”) are relatively common.

[20] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The pedagogy of the Suzuki method is rooted in several central ______ by Japanese violinist Shinichi Suzuki, who sought to parallel the linguistic learning environment, the method emphasizes playing instruments from a very young age and teaches students as young as three to play simple classical pieces such as “March in G.”

[21] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In a 2016 study, Eastern Washington University psychologist Amani El-Alayli found that, among the study participants who experienced frisson (a physiological response akin to goosebumps or getting the chills) while listening to music, there was one personality trait that they scored particularly ______ openness to experience.

[22] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

While constructing the Limyra Bridge, ancient Roman builders relied on temporary wooden beams to support the stone and brick structure. These temporary supports, a construction system known as ______ were removed when the bridge was completed.

[23] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Between 322 and 184 BCE, the Maurya Empire established a complex economic system that, through trade and centralized ______ funded major infrastructure projects throughout the Indian subcontinent. This included the building of many roads, canals, and hospitals.   

[24] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

About 70,000 meteorites have been found on Earth. Although most meteorites are fragments of ______ hundred have been identified as being from the Moon or Mars.

[25] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Julian Barnes's dedication to urban renewal was sparked by his tenure as a city planner in Seattle, Washington, during the 1980s. Wishing to support neighborhoods beyond the----- Barnes resigned from the planning board to found an organization focused on community development.

[26] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In professional chess tournaments, players typically won't converse with the--------do so contradicts the regulations, a strict code of conduct designed to maintain silence and concentration during the match.

[27] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In 2021, geologists verified that fossilized footprints at White Sands National Park in New Mexico were approximately 23,000 years old. These are some of the clearest-------of human activity in North America during the Ice Age.

[28] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Categorized as a dactyl, the word "gradient" consists of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. The word "harpist," by comparison, consists of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable, a metrical foot _____ to in English metrical verse as a trochee.

[29] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The distinction between climate and weather clarifies how regions with similar geography experience different------ whereas climate refers to long-term atmospheric patterns, weather describes the state of the atmosphere at a specific moment.

[30] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?