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Descriptive Sentences With Ser
Quiz by Emily Oxley
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1.Linguistics is the science that studies language. 2.Linguist:Someone who studies linguistics. 3.The Subfields of Linguistics Phonetics deals with the sounds of language. Phonology deals with how the sounds are organized. Morphology deals with how sounds are put together to form words. Syntax deals with how sentences are formed. Semantics deals with the meaning of words, sentences, and texts. Pragmatics deals with how sentences and texts are used in the world (i.e., in context) Text Linguistics deals with units larger than sentences, such as paragraphs and texts. 4.Prescriptive: This approach consists basically of stating what is considered right and wrong in language. 5.Descriptive: This approach, on the other hand, consists of describing the facts. Descriptive linguistics is dedicated to describing the rules of the language, and the language is seen as essentially rule governed. 6.Language is rule-governed, creative, universal, innate, and learned, all at the same time. 7.Linguists understand language as a system of arbitrary vocal signs. 8.Linguistic signs: involve sequences of sounds which represent concrete objects and events as well as abstractions.Signs may be related to the things they represent in a number of ways. 9.Iconic: which resemble the things they represent (as do, for example, photographs, diagrams, star charts, or chemical models). 10.Indexical: which point to or have a necessary connection with the things they represent (as do, for example, smoke to fire, a weathercock to the direction of the wind, a symptom to an illness, a smile to happiness, or a frown to anger). 11.Describe the characteristics of human language: Creative: (The structural elements of human language can be combined to produce new utterances, which neither the speaker nor his hearers may ever have made or heard before.) Rule-governed: (Language is made of rules.) Universal: (There are some aspects that are present in all languages of the world.) Innate:(all humans possess an innate capacity for language, activated in infancy by minimal environmental stimuli. Chomsky) Uniquely human: (Language is what sets us apart from other species. It is what makes us human.) Learned:(Children acquire language from their natural setting.) 12.Differentiate between iconic, indexical and symbolic signs. A. iconic, which resemble the things they represent (as do, for example, photographs, diagrams, star charts, or chemical models) B. indexical, which point to or have a necessary connection with the things they represent (as do, for example, smoke to fire, a weathercock to the direction of the wind, a symptom to an illness, a smile to happiness, or a frown to anger). c. symbolic, which are only conventionally related to the thing they represent (as do, for example, a flag to a nation, a rose to love, a wedding ring to marriage). 12. Distinguish between different senses of the grammar word. The prescriptivistÂŽs grammar (Grammar is a set of rules that label the different utterances as either right or wrong.) The descriptivistÂŽs grammar (Grammar is a set of rules that govern the langauge spoken by people. ) The linguistÂŽs grammar (Grammar is the subconscious knowledge of the set of rules that enables speakers to use the language) The speakerÂŽs grammar (Grammar is the intrinsic linguistic knowledge within a native speaker) 13.Describe common fallacies about language and grammar: âșOne type of grammar is simpler than another. âșChanges in grammar involve deterioration in a language âșGrammars should be logical and analogical (that is, regular) âșPeople must be taught the grammatical rules of their language. âșOnly some languages have grammar. âșGrammars differ from each other in unpredictable ways. 14.Generality: All Languages Have a Grammar 15. Equality: All Grammars Are Equal 16.Changeability: Grammars Change Over Time 17. Universality: Grammars Are Alike in Basic Ways 18.Tacitness: Grammatical Knowledge Is Subconscious 19.Linguistics is defined as the study of language systems. It is the scientific study of language. 20.Historical approach:It is the study of language change. 21.Linguistic Competence: is the unconscious knowledge speakers of a language have about the system that enables them to create and understand novel utterances. 22.Performance: is the use of it. Performance is âthe actual use of language in concrete situations.â 23.I-Language (internal language): which is the intrinsic linguistic knowledge within a native speaker. 24.E-Language (external language): which is the observable languageâthe output from a speaker. 25.Parole ('speech') refers to the concrete instances of the use of langue, including texts which provide the ordinary research material for linguistics. 26.Langue: 27.Language: is a system of communication that is non-stereotyped and non-finite; it is unlimited in its scope. 28.Grammar: to refer to a subconscious linguistic system of a particular type. Grammar makes possible the production and comprehension of a potentially unlimited number of utterances. 29.Communication and animals: Selecting a mode of communication (speech,writing, gesture). Delivering the symbols through a medium, a physical basis for communication, light, air, or ink. Decoding of the symbols to obtain the information. 30.SIGNS: Communication relies on using something to stand for something else. Words are an obvious example of this: You do not have to have a car, a sandwich, or your cousin present in order to talk about themâthe words car, sandwich, and cousin stand for them instead. This same phenomenon is found in animal communication as well. 31.The signifier: A signifier is that part of a sign that stimulates at least one sense organ of the receiver of a message.A signifier can also be a picture, a photograph, a sign language gesture, or one of the many other words for tree in different languages. 32.The signified: The signified component of the sign refers to both the real world object it represents and its conceptual content. The first of these is the real world content of the sign, its extension or referent within a system of signs such as English, avian communication, or sign language. 33.Iconic signs or icons: always bear some resemblance to their referent. A photograph is an iconic sign; so too is a stylized silhouette of a female or a male on a restroom door. 34.Some iconic tokens: a. open-mouth threat by a Japanese macaque; b. park recreation signs; c. onomatopoeic words in English. 35.An indexical sign, or index, fulfils its function by pointing out its referent, typically by being a partial or representative sample of it. Indexes are not arbitrary, since their presence has in some sense been caused by their referent. For this reason it is sometimes said that there is a causal link between an indexical sign and its referent.The track of an animal, for example, points to the existence of the animal by representing a part of it. The presence of smoke is an index of fire. 36.Symbolic signs: bear an arbitrary relationship to their referents and in this way are distinct from both icons and indexes. Human language is highly symbolic in that the vast majority of its signs bear no inherent resemblance or causal connection to their referents, as the following words show. 37.Mixed signs Signs: are not always exclusively of one type or another. Symptomatic signs, for example, may have iconic properties, as when a dog opens its mouth in a threat to bite. Symbolic signs such as traffic lights are symptomatic in that they reflect the internal state of the mechanism that causes them to change color. 38.Signals: All signs can act as signals when they trigger a specific action on the part of the receiver, as do traffic lights, words in human language such as the race starter's "Go!", or the warning calls of birds. 39.SIGN STRUCTURE: No matter what their type, signs show different kinds of structure. A basic distinction is made between graded and discrete sign structure. 40.Graded signs convey their meaning by changes in degree. A good example of a gradation in communication is voice volume. The more you want to be heard, the louder you speak along an increasing scale of loudness. There are no steps or jumps from one level to the next that can be associated with a specific change in meaning. 41.Discrete signs are distinguished from each other by categorical (stepwise) differences. There is no gradual transition from one sign to the next. The words of human language are good examples of discrete signs. 42.A VIEW OF ANIMAL COMMUNICATION âșLargely iconic âșLargely symptomatic âșLittle arbitrary âșNot deliberate âșNot conscious âșNot symbolic âșStimulus boundSure! Here's a solid list of **AP English Literature vocabulary**âterms that often come up in class, essays, and the AP exam. I'll break it down into categories to make it easier to study. --- ### đ **Literary Devices & Techniques** 1. **Alliteration** â Repetition of initial consonant sounds 2. **Allusion** â A reference to another text, event, or figure 3. **Anaphora** â Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses 4. **Antithesis** â Contrast of ideas in a balanced or parallel construction 5. **Apostrophe** â Addressing someone absent, dead, or nonhuman as if present and able to respond 6. **Assonance** â Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words 7. **Asyndeton** â Omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence 8. **Consonance** â Repetition of consonant sounds, often at the end of words 9. **Diction** â Word choice (formal, informal, colloquial, etc.) 10. **Enjambment** â Continuation of a sentence without pause beyond the end of a line in poetry --- ### đ§ **Figurative Language** 1. **Hyperbole** â Extreme exaggeration 2. **Imagery** â Descriptive language that appeals to the senses 3. **Irony** - *Verbal*: Saying the opposite of whatâs meant - *Situational*: When the outcome is the opposite of what's expected - *Dramatic*: Audience knows something characters donât 4. **Metaphor** â A direct comparison without using "like" or "as" 5. **Metonymy** â Substituting the name of one thing with something closely related (e.g. "The crown" for royalty) 6. **Synecdoche** â A part representing the whole (e.g. "All hands on deck") 7. **Personification** â Giving human traits to nonhuman things 8. **Simile** â A comparison using "like" or "as" 9. **Symbol** â An object, character, or color that represents something beyond itself --- ### âïž **Poetic & Rhetorical Terms** 1. **Caesura** â A pause in a line of poetry, often marked by punctuation 2. **Couplet** â Two lines of poetry that usually rhyme 3. **Iambic Pentameter** â A line with five iambs (unstressed-stressed syllables) 4. **Blank Verse** â Unrhymed iambic pentameter 5. **Free Verse** â Poetry with no fixed meter or rhyme 6. **Elegy** â A mournful poem, often for the dead 7. **Ode** â A lyric poem expressing emotion, often in honor of something 8. **Sonnet** â A 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme (Shakespearean or Petrarchan) --- ### đ **Narrative & Structure Terms** 1. **Tone** â The author's attitude toward the subject 2. **Mood** â The feeling or atmosphere the reader experiences 3. **Theme** â The central idea or message in a work 4. **Motif** â A recurring element that has symbolic significance 5. **Foil** â A character who contrasts with another character to highlight traits 6. **Foreshadowing** â Clues or hints about what will happen later 7. **Juxtaposition** â Placing two elements side by side to present a contrast 8. **Point of View** â Perspective from which the story is told (1st, 2nd, 3rd person) 9. **Stream of Consciousness** â Narrative style that mimics thoughts and feelings 10. **Frame Narrative** â A story within a story --- Want me to make flashcards, a quiz, or a PDF study guide with these? Or need help using them in a literary analysis essay?Hereâs your **edited version** of the activity, now focused on **Shirley Jacksonâs *âThe Lotteryâ*** and **past and present participles**, while keeping the fun âGreat Grammar Magicianâ game theme: --- ### đ© THE GREAT GRAMMAR MAGICIAN: âTHE LOTTERY SPELL!â đ It seems like you already know how **past and present participles** can transform simple verbs into more descriptive and expressive words. Now, itâs time to show your magical grammar powers and help the Great Grammar Magician complete her enchanting performance inspired by *âThe Lotteryâ* by Shirley Jackson! --- ### đŒ **THE LOTTERY SPELL!** **Directions:** The class will be divided into two groups, and each group will work together to help the Great Grammar Magician finish her magical act! Each group will receive **three magic flags** that can be used as advantages during the game: đ© **Green Flag** â Use for a clue about the question. đš **Yellow Flag** â Use to look at the question first and decide whether to answer it or choose another one. đŠ **Blue Flag** â Use to get another chance to answer the same question. The goal is to earn the **highest points** as a group. The first representative to raise their hand gets to choose a question to answer. There will be **six questions**, representing the **six stones** drawn during the âlottery.â Each stone contains a **Magic Spell Card** with a question your group must answer correctly to earn a point. --- ### đȘ **MAGIC SPELL QUESTIONS** **1. Remembering** **Question:** Who is the author of *âThe Lotteryâ?* **Expected Answer:** Shirley Jackson. --- **2. Understanding** **Question:** What is *âThe Lotteryâ* mainly about? **Expected Answer:** Itâs about a small town that follows a cruel tradition of holding a lottery where one person is chosen to be sacrificed. --- **3. Applying** **Question:** Identify a **past or present participle** used in *âThe Lottery.â* Explain its function in the sentence. **Expected Answer:** Example: *âThe children assembled first, of course.â* â âassembledâ is a **past participle** used to describe what the children did before the lottery began. --- **4. Analyzing** **Question:** How does Shirley Jackson use participles to create suspense or describe actions in the story? **Expected Answer:** Participles like âgathered,â âwatching,â or âwhisperedâ make the actions more vivid and help build tension in the story. --- **5. Evaluating** **Question:** Do you think the townspeopleâs calm behavior (described with participles like âsmiling,â âtalking,â âlaughingâ) makes the story more shocking? Why or why not? **Expected Answer:** (Open-ended) Yes, because the ordinary actions make the violent ending more disturbing / No, because it just shows how normal the ritual is to them. --- **6. Creating** **Question:** Write your own short two-line description using **past or present participles** to show tension or fear in a situation like the one in *âThe Lottery.â* **Expected Answer:** (Open-ended) Example: *Shaking hands held the paper tight.* *The crowd waited, holding their breath.* --- ### đȘ¶ **Tie-Breaker Question** **Question:** If you were in *âThe Lottery,â* what would you be doing as the black box was brought out? Use at least one participle in your answer. **Expected Answer:** (Open-ended; checks creativity and grammar) Example: *Standing in silence, I would watch the slips being drawn, my heart pounding.* --- Would you like me to make this version **visually formatted for a classroom printout** (e.g., with bold headers, emojis, and clear section boxes)?Commas Directions: Correct the sentences by adding commas where needed. 1. After the sound of the bell we realized it was a false alarm. 2. Mr. Yoshino the head of the department resigned yesterday. 3. The gentleman with the black umbrella who is an ambassador to the United States said hello to us as we were entering the hotel. 4. Even though we won the game the players unfortunately did not play their best. 5. Heather walked quickly up to the door and knocked hoping that someone would answer. Authorâs Purpose 6. An author writes a story about a boy who saves his town from a flood by using his quick thinking. The author includes exciting descriptions of the boy's bravery. What is the authorâs most likely purpose for writing this story? A. To inform readers about the dangers of floods B. To entertain readers with a heroic tale C. To explain how to prevent floods D. To persuade readers to prepare for emergencies 7. Which of the following is an example of an author writing to persuade? A. A science textbook chapter explaining the water cycle B. A commercial encouraging people to adopt shelter pets C. A short story about a girl who finds a magical necklace D. A recipe for making chocolate chip cookies 8. Read the following sentence: "Studies show that students who read for 20 minutes a day score higher on tests. Reading is one of the best habits you can develop for success in school and life." What is the authorâs purpose in this passage? A. To entertain readers with a fun story B. To persuade readers to read more often C. To inform readers about how books are written D. To explain how to find books to read 9. An author writes a how-to guide titled 10 Easy Steps to Plant a Garden. What is the authorâs primary purpose? A. To persuade readers to grow their own vegetables B. To inform readers how to plant a garden C. To entertain readers with funny garden tips 10. Read the excerpt: "Long ago, in a village surrounded by mountains, the people discovered a secret about their water well. Every full moon, the well water turned to gold for just one night. But no one knew why. This mystery brought travelers from far and wide, hoping to uncover the truth." What is the authorâs purpose in this excerpt? A. To persuade readers to visit the village B. To inform readers about a historical event C. To entertain readers with a mysterious tale D. To explain the science behind the water Main Idea When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house, I had only two things on my mind: Paul Newman and a ride home. I was wishing I looked like Paul Newman--- he looks tough and I don't--- but I guess my own looks aren't so bad. I have light-brown, almost-red hair and greenish-gray eyes. I wish they were more gray because I hate most guys that have green eyes, but I have to be content with what I have. My hair is longer than a lot of boys wear theirs, squared off in back and long at the front and sides, but I am a greaser and most of my neighborhood rarely bothers to get a haircut. Besides, I look better with long hair. 11. What is the main idea? The narrator likes movies. The narrator wishes he was Paul Newman. The narrator is content with his appearance. The narrator looks better with long hair. 12. The narrator believes. . . looks are important. he should get a haircut. green eyes are bad. that he has red hair. Once there were four girls who shared a pair of pants. The girls were all different sizes and shapes, and yet the pants fit each of them. You may think this is a suburban myth. But I know it's true, because I am one of them, one of the sisters of the Traveling Pants. We discovered their magic last summer, purely by accident. The four of us were splitting up for the first time in our lives. Carmen had gotten them from a secondhand place without even bothering to try them on. She was going to throw them away, but by chance, Tibby spotted them. First Tibby tried them; then me, Lena; then Bridget; then Carmen. By the time Carmen pulled them on, we knew something extraordinary was happening. If the same pants fit and I mean really fit the four of us, they aren't ordinary. They don't belong completely to the world of things you can see and touch. My sister, Effie, claims I don't believe in magic, and maybe I didn't then. But after the first summer of the Traveling Pants, I do. 13. What is the main idea? Four friends were connected through a special pair of pants. A pair of pants called the Traveling Pants. Carmen finding a pair of pants from a second-hand shop. The girls believing in magic. 14. The narrator included that the pants fit all of them to emphasize how the girls become friends. the girls are different sizes. why the pants are special. where the pants came from. If you are interested in stories with happy endings, you would be better off reading some other book. In this book, not only is there no happy ending, there is no happy beginning and very few happy things in the middle. This is because not very many happy things happened in the lives of the three Baudelaire youngsters. Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire were intelligent children, and they were charming, and resourceful, and had pleasant facial features, but they were extremely unlucky, and most everything that happened to them was rife with misfortune, misery, and despair. I'm sorry to tell you this, but that is how the story goes. 15. What is the main idea? description about the story to come. A warning about the story and its sad content. A declaration about the Baudelaire family. A beginning for the end of the story. 16. The narrator believes the reader does not like sad stories. likes stories with happy endings. canât enjoy the story. will find the story unhappy. 17. Read the following sentence: Of course you can exaggerate your story, but what you say must be based on truth. Which word means the same as exaggerate? repeat reveal overstate increase 18. What is the meaning of the word inaugurated, used in the following sentence: Less than two months after Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President in 1861, he encountered one of the most difficult tasks ever experienced by a United States leader: civil war. elected by a vote brought into office identified by name viewed as an authority 19. What does the phrase âpractice your presentation so much that you could do it in your sleepâ suggest in the following sentence: The best advice is to practice your presentation so much that you could do it in your sleep. get plenty of sleep the night before giving a presentation give their presentations in front of a small audience first take advice from their teachers on how to write a presentation memorize their presentations before they give them 20. Read the following sentence: The Phoenix Mars Lander is a NASA spacecraft that landed on the Red Planet in May 2009 to study the history of water and potential for life on the planet. What is another word for potential? existence situation possibility qualification What is the page mainly about? (Answer: C â Homes meet a basic need) A) House colors B) Old buildings C) Homes meet a basic need â D) Travel What basic need do homes give? (Answer: B â Shelter) A) Food B) Shelter â C) Clothes D) Money What does âbasic needâ mean here? (Answer: C â Something people must have to live) A) Something nice to have B) A school rule C) Something people must have to live â D) A weekend plan Homes keep people ______ and ______. What are the two words from the page? (Answer: B â dry / safe) A) rich / tall B) dry / safe â C) loud / fast D) clean / funny What else are homes for, according to the text? (Answer: B â Eating, sleeping, and being with family and friends) A) Shopping B) Eating, sleeping, and being with family and friends â C) Driving D) Fighting What does the heading âMeeting our needsâ tell you? (Answer: B â explains how homes fit the local climate) A) A joke is coming B) This part explains how homes fit the local climate â C) It is a story D) It lists prices What does âclimateâ mean on this page? (Answer: C â the usual weather of a place) A) Yesterdayâs forecast B) A big storm C) The usual weather of a place â D) Room temperature Which roof is best for cold, snowy places? (Answer: D â Slanted) A) Flat B) Dome C) Glass D) Slanted â Why is a slanted roof helpful in snowy places? (Answer: B â snow slides off more easily) A) It is cheaper B) Snow slides off more easily â C) Birds like it D) It is quieter Why do many houses in hot places have many windows? (Answer: B â to let air move through and keep people cool) A) To block all light B) To let air move through and keep people cool â C) To make walls heavy D) To reduce street noise Which detail best supports âclimate changes home designâ? (Answer: C â Hot â many windows; Snowy â slanted roofs) A) People like blue walls B) Kitchens are big C) Hot â many windows; Snowy â slanted roofs â D) Cities are crowded What does the caption about a traditional Japanese house show? (Answer: C â People sit on mats on the floor to eat) A) People eat outdoors B) Families donât eat together C) People sit on mats on the floor to eat â D) People stand to eat Which sentence is LEAST connected to the main idea of the page? (Answer: D â Blue walls are relaxing) A) Homes protect people from weather B) Roofs can change with climate C) Windows help rooms stay cool D) Blue walls are relaxing â Which text structure organizes the right paragraph? (Answer: C â Causeâeffect) A) Timeline B) Problemâsolution C) Causeâeffect â D) Description only What is the authorâs purpose? (Answer: B â to explain how homes meet a human need) A) To sell houses B) To explain how homes meet a human need â C) To tell a funny story D) To give building laws What can you guess about a flat roof in a snowy place? (Answer: B â snow can pile up and be unsafe) A) Best choice B) Snow can pile up and be unsafe â C) Always cheaper D) Warmer in summer Which page feature helps you find ideas quickly? (Answer: C â Headings and photo captions) A) Rhyme B) Dialogue C) Headings and photo captions â D) Footnotes Which sentence is the best summary of the page? (Answer: C â Homes give shelter; designs change with climate) A) Houses are beautiful in winter B) People prefer bright colors C) Homes give shelter; designs change with climate (slanted roofs, many windows) â D) Windows are the most important part True/False or Short Answer (5) True/False: All homes have the same purpose, even if they look different. (Answer: True) True/False: In hot places, houses usually have fewer windows to keep heat in. (Answer: False â hot places â many windows for airflow/cooling) Short Answer (1â3 words): Homes provide shelter to keep people _____ and _____. (Answer: dry; safe) Short Answer (one example): Write one climate â design pair from the page. (Answer: cold/snowy â slanted roof OR hot â many windows) True/False: The photo shows people in Japan eating on mats on the floor. (Answer: True)descriptive sentencesWriting descriptive sentences about a special item based on âThe Proudest BlueâWriting descriptive sentences