Question 1

What is digestion?

Accepted Answer

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules which can be absorbed into the blood.

Answer

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules which can be absorbed into the blood.

Question 2

What are lipids broken down to?

Accepted Answer

fatty acids and glycerol

Answer

monosaccharides

Answer

amino acids

Question 3

What are carbohydrates broken down to?

Accepted Answer

monosaccharides

Answer

amino acids

Answer

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 4

What are proteins broken down to?

Accepted Answer

amino acids

Answer

monosaccharides

Answer

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 5

Which enzyme breaks down fats?

Accepted Answer

lipases

Answer

amylase

Answer

peptidase

Question 6

Which enzyme breaks down starch?

Accepted Answer

amylase

Answer

peptidases

Answer

lipases

Answer

proteases

Question 7

Which enzyme breaks down proteins?

Accepted Answer

proteases

Answer

lipases

Answer

amylase

Question 8

Which enzyme breaks down proteins?

Accepted Answer

peptidase

Answer

amylase

Answer

lipases

Question 9

What is starch broken down into by amylase?

Accepted Answer

maltose

Answer

maltase

Question 10

What is the third step of the digestion of carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

intestinal walls produce maltase (a membrane bound disaccharidase) which breaks down maltose into alpha glucose

Answer

sucrase breaks down sucrose and lactase breaks down lactose

Answer

pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into maltose in the small intestine

Answer

salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose.

Question 11

How does the digestion of carbohydrates start?

Accepted Answer

salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose.

Answer

intestinal walls produce maltase (a membrane bound disaccharidase) which breaks down maltose into alpha glucose

Answer

sucrase breaks down sucrose and lactase breaks down lactose

Answer

pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into maltose in the small intestine

Question 12

What is the second step of the digestion of carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into maltose in the small intestine

Answer

sucrase breaks down sucrose and lactase breaks down lactose

Answer

salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose.

Answer

intestinal walls produce maltase (a membrane bound disaccharidase) which breaks down maltose into alpha glucose

Question 13

Which conditions and how are these produces does pancreatic amylase work best in?

Accepted Answer

neutral pH alkaline salts by intestinal walls and pancreas

Answer

neutral pH provided for by the mineral salts in the saliva

Question 14

Which conditions and how are these produces does salivary amylase work best in?

Accepted Answer

neutral pH provided for by the mineral salts in the saliva

Answer

neutral pH alkaline salts by intestinal walls and pancreas

Question 15

What is the second step in the digestion of lipids?

Accepted Answer

Lipase is produced by pancreas and hydrolyses the ester bonds within triglycerides to form fatty acids and monoglycerides

Answer

(Emulsification) Bile salts produced by the liver split up lipids into tiny droplets, micelles to increase their SA for lipase to work on.

Question 16

What is the first step in the digestion of lipids?

Accepted Answer

(Emulsification) Bile salts produced by the liver split up lipids into tiny droplets, micelles to increase their SA for lipase to work on.

Answer

Lipase is produced by pancreas and hydrolyses the ester bonds within triglycerides to form fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 17

What is the last step in the digestion of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Membrane-bound dipeptidases in the ileum hydrolyse the peptide bonds in dipeptides to release single AAs.

Answer

Exopeptidases hydrolyse the amino acids in the terminal ends of the peptides making them release dipeptides and single amino acids (AAs).

Answer

Endopeptidases hydrolyse the peptide bonds between amino acids in the central region of protein molecules forming a few smaller polypeptides from a single protein.

Question 18

What is the first step in the digestion of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Endopeptidases hydrolyse the peptide bonds between amino acids in the central region of protein molecules forming a few smaller polypeptides from a single protein.

Answer

Exopeptidases hydrolyse the amino acids in the terminal ends of the peptides making them release dipeptides and single amino acids (AAs).

Answer

Lastly, membrane-bound dipeptidases in the ileum hydrolyse the peptide bonds in dipeptides to release single AAs.

Question 19

What is the second step in the digestion of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Exopeptidases hydrolyse the amino acids in the terminal ends of the peptides making them release dipeptides and single amino acids (AAs).

Answer

Lastly, membrane-bound dipeptidases in the ileum hydrolyse the peptide bonds in dipeptides to release single AAs.

Answer

Endopeptidases hydrolyse the peptide bonds between amino acids in the central region of protein molecules forming a few smaller polypeptides from a single protein.

Question 20

How are lipids absorbed into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Lipid soluble and can freely diffuse across the epithelial cell membrane. They are then processed in the cell and move out by exocytosis and enter the blood and lymphatic vessels.

Answer

Actively transported with sodium ions via co-transporter proteins.

Question 21

How are monosaccharides absorbed into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Actively transported with sodium ions via co-transporter proteins.

Answer

Lipid soluble and can freely diffuse across the epithelial cell membrane. They are then processed in the cell and move out by exocytosis and enter the blood and lymphatic vessels.

Question 22

How are amino acids absorbed into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Actively transported with sodium ions via co-transporter proteins.

Answer

Lipid soluble and can freely diffuse across the epithelial cell membrane. They are then processed in the cell and move out by exocytosis and enter the blood and lymphatic vessels.

Question 23

How are lipids processed inside the epithelial cells to be absorbed into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

In the ER they are recombined to form triglycerides and in the Golgi they are modified with cholesterol and lipoproteins to form chylomicrons. These transport lipids out of the epithelial cells by exocytosis.

Answer

In the ER they are recombined to form chylomicrons and in the Golgi they are modified with lipoproteins. These transport lipids out of the epithelial cells by exocytosis.

Question 24

What are membrane bound disaccharidases?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes bound to the membrane and act on substrates that move past them.

Answer

Enzymes which are released and are free to move around.

Question 25

What are chylomicrons?

Accepted Answer

Special particles adapted for the transport of lipids

Answer

Special particles adapted for the processing of lipids

Question 26

how does the sodium co transporter protein work for absorption of glucose and AAs?

Accepted Answer

sodium ions are actively transported out of the epithelial cells into the ileum. They then diffuse back into the cell down the concentration gradient through the sodium-dependent transporter proteins carrying the AAs/glucose down their concentration gradient.

Answer

sodium ions are actively transported into the epithelial cells out the ileum. They then diffuse back into the cell down the concentration gradient through the sodium-dependent transporter proteins carrying the AAs/glucose.

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