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Digital vs analog signals
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Digital Natives vs. Digital Immigrants: Bridging the Digital Divide02-Ψηφιακός Μετασχηματισμός | Μέρος 1 - Digital Strategy vs IT StrategyMake me a multiple choice quiz about good citizen vs good digital citizenDigital Wellness Assessment: Addictive vs. Humane DesignRPMS Quiz: Quality vs. Efficiency 1. A teacher spends five hours creating a highly interactive digital game for a single 40-minute lesson. This is an example of prioritizing: • A) Quality over Efficiency • B) Efficiency over Quality • C) Administrative Competence • D) Resource Management • Hint: The focus is on high-level engagement, but the time investment is very high. 2. Which of the following best describes "Efficiency" in the context of the RPMS? • A) Submitting all MOVs and reports on or before the deadline with minimal errors. • B) Ensuring 100% of students pass the quarterly examination. • C) Creating the most aesthetically pleasing portfolio in the department. • D) Conducting home visits for every single student in a class of 50. • Hint: Look for the option that emphasizes timeliness and resource use. 3. Using a "template" or a "reusable slide deck" for lesson planning is a strategy to improve: • A) Efficiency • B) Instructional Diversity • C) Subject Matter Mastery • D) Classroom Discipline • Hint: Templates reduce the time spent on repetitive formatting. 4. If a teacher provides detailed, personalized feedback to every student but submits the grades two weeks late, they have achieved: • A) High Quality, Low Efficiency • B) Low Quality, High Efficiency • C) High Quality, High Efficiency • D) Low Quality, Low Efficiency • Hint: The work itself is excellent, but the timing is poor. 5. Which tool improves Efficiency without sacrificing the Quality of assessment data? • A) Automated Google Forms for multiple-choice quizzes. • B) Giving everyone a passing grade to save time on checking. • C) Writing long paragraphs of feedback on 200 paper-based essays. • D) Skipping assessments entirely to finish the syllabus faster. • Hint: Look for a balance where technology handles the "busy work." 6. When discussing Quality in your RPMS portfolio, which "Means of Verification" (MOV) is most appropriate? • A) Sample of student work with constructive teacher comments. • B) A logbook showing you arrived at school at 7:00 AM daily. • C) A certificate for attending a 1-hour webinar. • D) A photo of your organized teacher's cabinet. • Hint: Quality is evidenced by the impact on student learning. 7. The concept of "Doing the right things" (Effectiveness) represents: • A) Quality • B) Efficiency • C) Speed • D) Compliance • Hint: "Doing the right things" is about results; "Doing things right" is about process. 8. How does "Efficiency" help a teacher maintain "Quality" in the long run? • A) It prevents burnout by optimizing workload, leaving energy for creative teaching. • B) It allows the teacher to take more side jobs. • C) It ensures the teacher never has to talk to parents. • D) It proves that the teacher is smarter than their peers. • Hint: Consider the relationship between teacher well-being and performance. 9. If a teacher's RPMS rating for Quality is 5 (Outstanding) but Efficiency is 2 (Fair), what is the most likely reason? • A) The teacher produces excellent work but often misses deadlines. • B) The teacher is very fast but makes many mistakes in their reports. • C) The teacher is both slow and produces poor results. • D) The students are failing despite the teacher being very organized. • Hint: Check the gap between the high-standard output and the slow delivery. 10. What is the ultimate goal of balancing Quality and Efficiency in the PPST-RPMS? • A) To achieve sustainable professional excellence that benefits the learners. • B) To get a higher salary increase only. • C) To impress the School Head during the observation. • D) To finish the school year with the least amount of work possible. • Hint: It's about long-term growth for both teacher and student. ________________________________________ Answer Key: 1. A | 2. A | 3. A | 4. A | 5. A | 6. A | 7. A | 8. A | 9. A | 10. A ________________________________________HRM (Overview ▶ Definition: Managing people within an organisation to achieve business goals. ▶ Key Functions: Recruitment • Training & Development • Employee Relations • Compensation & Benefits Organisational Structure ▶ Types: Functional • Hierarchical • Matrix ▶ Key Features: Span of Control • Delegation • Authority & Responsibility • Line vs. Staff Authority ▶ Centralisation vs. Decentralisation: Efficiency • Flexibility • Decision-Making Business Communication ▶ Types: Internal vs. External • Verbal • Written • Digital • Visual ▶ Barriers: Language • Cultural Differences • Technological Issues • Noise ▶ Strategies for Improvement: Feedback Mechanisms • Clarity • Active Listening • Use of Technology Leadership ▶ Leadership Styles: Autocratic • Democratic • Laissez-Faire • Transformational ▶ Leadership vs. Management:Vision • Execution • Risk-Taking ▶ Key Skills: Communication • Emotional Intelligence • Decision-Making HRM Strategy ▶ Workforce Planning: Talent Acquisition • Skill Development • Retention ▶ Employee Motivation: Financial Incentives • Recognition • Career Growth ▶ Organisational Performance: Efficiency • Innovation • Productivity ▶ Future Trends: AI Integration • Remote Work • Diversity & Inclusion) Why and How Managers Plan Importance of planning The planing process Benefits of planning Planning and time management Types of PLans used by managers Long term and short term plans Strageic and tactical plans Operational plans Planning Tools and Techiqunes Forecasting Contrigency planning Scenario planning Benchmaking Use of staff planners Implementing Plans to Achive Results Goal setting Goal management Goal alignment Participation and involvement Planning Def: The process of setting objectives and determining how best to accomplish them Planning at Eaton Corporation “Making the hard decision before events force them upon you, an anticipating the future needs of the market before the demand asset itself Objectives and goals Identifity the specific results or desired outcomes that one intends to achieve Plan Def: A statement of action steps to be taken in order to accomplish the objectives (goals) Steps in the planning process: Define your objectives Determine where you stand vis-a-vis objectives Develpo premises reagrdsing future conditions Analyze alternatives and make a plan Implement the plan and evaluate results What are the benefits of planning Improves focus and flexibility Imporves action orteitation Imporves coordination and control Imporves time management Time Managment Personal time management tips Do say “no” to request that distract you form what you should be doing Dont get bogged down inn details that can be addressed later Do screen telephone calls, emails and meeting request Dont let drop in visitors, text messaging use up your time Do prioritize your important and urgent work Dont become calendar bound by letting other control your schedule Do follow priorities; do most important and urgent work first Some 77% of mangers in one survey said that digital age has increased th number of decisions they have to make 43% said there was less time available to make these decisions Types of plans used by Managers What is teh time horizon Long term vs Short term Long term Look three or more years into teh future Short term plans Typically cover one year or less However: the increasing environmental complexity and dynamism of recent years has severely tested the concept of “long-term” planning Plans are subject to frequent revisions Most executives would likely agree that these complexities adn uncertainties challenge how er actually go about planning and how far ahead we can really plan At the very least we can conclude that there is a lot less permanency to long term plans today and that tey are subject to frequent revision Managment reaeracher Eillot Jaques believes tha people vary in their capability to think with different time horizons Types of Plans used by Managers (3 of 5) Strategic plans Set broad, comprehensive and linger term action directions for teh entire organization or major division Vision Clarifies purpose of the organization and what it hopes to be on the future Typical plans Specify how the organizations resources are used to implement strategy Tactical plans in business often take the form of functional plans Functional plans Incidate how different component within the organiztion will help accompnlish the overall strategy Production plans Finacial plans Facilites Plans Logisitc plans Marketing plans Human Resource Plans Operation plans Describe short-term activities to implement strategic plans Policies: Are standing plans that communicate guidelines for decisions Ex: Policies on office romances: The media is quick to report when a top executive or public figures runs into trouble over an office affair. Are there ant policies on office romances? Employer polices on office raltioshiis vary. One survey find teh following: 24% prohibit relationships among employees in the same department 13% prohibit relationships among employees who have the smae supervisor 80% prohibit relationships between supervisors and subordinates 5% have no restrictions on office romances Procedures: Are rules that describe actions to be taken in specific situations Budgets: are single use plans that commit resources to projects or activities Zero based budgets: allocate resources as if each budget were brand new There is no guarantee that any past funding will be renwer. All propsales, old and new, must compete for available funds at teh start of each new budget cycle Forcasting Attempts to predict the future Qualitaive forecasting uses expert opinions Quantitative forecasting uses mathematical models and statiscal aanylsis of historical data dna surveys Contingency planning Identify alternative course of action to take when things go wrong Anticipate changing conditions Contain trigger points to indicate when to activate plan (or a specific course of action) Scenario planning A long term version of contingency planning Identifying alternative future scenarios Plans made for each future scenario Increases organizations flexibility and preparation for future shocks Benchmarking Use of external and internal comparisons to better evaluate current performance Adopting best practices: things people adn organization do that lead to superior performance Staff Planners Experts who assist in all steps of the planning process They help bring focus and expertise to a wide variety of planning tasks Important: Communication between staff planers landline managers is essential for teh success of teh planning process Goal Setting - Always set SMART goal The solution: Goal Aligment Between Team Leader and Team Member Jonintly plan: Set objectives, set standards, choose actions Individually acy: Perform tasks (member), provide support (leader) Jointly control: Review results, discuss implications, renew cycle x4 Collective effort and commitment Participatroy planning Includes in all planning steps that people who will be affected by the plans adn askedd to help implement them Unloacks motivational potential of goal setting Management by objective (MBO) promotes participation Participation increases understanding and acceptance of plan and commitment to success Participatory planning - Number of people involved in teh decision making process Amazon is intensely focused on what it does. It believes in creating tight single-threaded teams, also known as “2 pizza team.” Data and Decision Making What are some of the important competencies managers must have today? Delegate Marketing and technology Manager must have Technological competency Ability to understand new technologies and to use them to their best advantage Information competency Ability to locate, gather, organize and display information for decision-making and problem solving Analytical competency Ability to evaluate and analyze information to make actual decisions and solve real problems What is the difference between Data and Information Data Raw facts and observation Information Data made useful and meaningful for decision-making Important concepts Big data Exists in huge quantities and is difficult to process without sophisticated mathematical and analytical techniques Data production today Bernard Marr is an internationally best-selling author. He helps organizations improve their business performance, use data more intelligently Data mining The process of analyzing data to produce useful information for decision-makers Management Analytics The systematic evaluation and analysis of data to make informed decision Information drives management Bad Data Refers to information that can be erroneous, misleading, and without general formatting The challenge: Can er use the data that is available in the “Big Data” Needs to be valid Can not trust everything out there Being ethical Look at the trends Data is structured and unstructured Data BIg Data = Structured + Unstructured Information Drive Management decision making What are the characteristics of useful information Easy to access If its credible Accurate Characteristics of useful information: Timely High quality Complete Relevant Understandable What about bad data It's not credible Miss information If it is not structured/ organized Bias based on opinions Confusing If its updated Bad data Refers to information that can be erroneous miss What are some examples of Management information system Business intelligence -BI Information systems to extract and report data in organized ways that are useful to decision-makers Executive dashboards Visually update and display key performance metrics (or Key Performance Indicators -KPIs) and information on a real-time basis Information needs in organization External Environment Information exchanges with the external environment Gather intelligence information Provide public information Information needs within the organizations (internal Enviroement) Information exchange within the organization Facilitate decision making Facilitate problem-solving Managers as information processors Continually gather, share and receive information Now as much electronic as it is face-to-face Always on, always connected How many people telecommute at least once a week 70% of people globally work remotely at least once a week, Work at home after covid 19 our forecast Our best estimate it that 25-30% of the workforce will be working form home multiple days a week by the end of 2021 As of 2023, 12.7% of full time employees work from home, while 28.2% work a hybrid model Managers as problem solvers Problem-solving The process of identifying a discrepancy between actual and desired performance and taking action to resolve it Ishikawa Fishbone diagram To identify the cause of problems Decision A choice among possible alternative courses of action Performance threat Something is wrong or has the potential to go wrong Performance opportunity The situation offers the chance for a better future if the right steps are taken Problem-solving approaches or style - from textbook Problem avoiders Inactive in information gathering and solving problems Problem seekers Proactive in anticipation of problems and opportunities and taking appropriate action to gain an advantage Problem solvers Reactive in gathering information and solving problem Managers - can approach problems in a systematic or intuitive manner Systematic thinking approaches problem in rational, step-by-step and analytical fashion Intuitive thinking approaches problems in a flexible and spontaneous fashion Multidimensional thinking- applies both intuitive and systematic thinking Managers face structured and unstructured problems Structure problems Are ones that are familiar, straight forward, and clear with respect to information needs Program decisions apply solutions that are readily available from past experiences to solve structured problems Know how to solve them Familiar Know what we are dealing with Unstructured problems Are ones that are full of ambiguities and information deficiencies Nonprogrammed decisions apply a specific solution to meet the demands of a unique problem Commonly faced by higher-level management Crisis decision making A crisis involves an unexpected problem that can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately Ruled for crisis management Figure out what is going on Remember that speed matters Remember that slow counts, too Respect the danger of the unfamiliar Value the skeptic Be ready to “fight fire with fire” Managers make decisions with various amounts of information Certain environment Offers complete information on possible action alternatives and their consequences Risk environment Lacks complete information but offers probabilities of the likely outcomes for possible action alternatives Uncertain environment Lacks so much information that it is difficult to assign probabilities to the likely outcomes of alternative Ex: Certain and uncertain environments: The worldwide Governance Indicators for over 200 countries, comparing distinct environments (Canada-Brazil) Step 1-Identify and define the problem Focuses on information gathering information processing and deliberation Decision objectives should be established What are some common mistakes in definding problems? Common mistakes in defining problems Defining the problem too broadly or too narrowly Focusing on symptoms instead of causes Choosing the wrong problem to deal with Step 2- Generate and Evaluate Alternative Courses of Action Potential solutions are formulated and more information is gathered, data are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of alternative solutions are identified Common mistakes: Abandoning the search for alternatives too quickly Step 3- Decide on a preferred course of Action Two different approaches Behavioural model leads to satisficing decisions Classical model les to optimising decisions Behavioural Model Rationality is bounded because: There are limits our thinks capacity Available information (incomplete) Time constraints Step 4-Implement the decision Involves taking action to make sure the solution decided upon becomes a reality Managers need to have the willingness and ability to implement action plans Problems: Lack of participation error should be avoided Step 5 - Evaluate Results Involves comparing actual and desired results The positive and negative consequences of the chosen course of action should be examined If actual results fall short desire results, the manager returns to earlier steps in the decision-making process At all steps, check ethical reasoning Ask these spotlight questions Utility Does teh decision satisfy all constituents or stakeholders Rights Does the description respect the rights and duties of everyone? Justice Is the decision consistent with the canons of justice Caring Is the decision consistent with my responsibilities to care? Issues in decision-making How do errors happen? Heuristics: are strategies for simplifying decision-making Availability Bias: Bases a decision on recent information or events Representativeness bias: Bases a decision on similarity to other situations Anchoring and Adjustment Bias: Bases a decision on incremental adjustment from a prior decision point Framing error: Tring to solve a problem in the context perceived, positive or negative Confirmation Error: Focusing on information that confirms a decision already made Escalating commitment: Continuing a course of action even though it is not working Creative Decision making Creativity is the generation of a novel idea or unique approach that solves a problem or crafts an opportunity Big C: Creativity occurs when extraordinary things are done by exceptional people Little C: Creativity occurs when average people come up with unique ways to deal with daily events and situations The three types of situational creativity drivers Chapter review What are objectives and goals? The specific results or desired outcomes What are the 5 characteristics of great (SMART) goals? Forecasting - Attempts Qualitative forecasting uses options Quantitative forecasting uses mathematical models and statistical analysis of historical data and surveys Scenarios-Oracle’s crystal ball combines qualitative and quantitative methodsBerpikir Komputasional-Himpunan dan sistem bilangan Tujuan Pembelajaran: Melalui pengamatan dan diskusi kelompok, peserta didik dapat mengklasifikasikan objek ke dalam himpunan dan memahami konsep dasar sistem bilangan biner. "Anak-anak, coba lihat di dalam kelas ini. Ada banyak sekali benda, kan? Ada meja, kursi, papan tulis, spidol, tas, buku, dan juga kita semua sebagai siswa." "Sekarang, coba bayangkan jika kalian diminta untuk merapikan semua benda ini. Apa yang akan kalian lakukan pertama kali? Pasti kalian akan mengelompokkannya, bukan? Buku dikumpulkan dengan buku, alat tulis dengan alat tulis. Nah, tanpa sadar, kalian baru saja melakukan apa yang disebut klasifikasi atau membuat himpunan!" "Aktivitas sederhana seperti ini ternyata adalah dasar dari cara komputer berpikir. Hari ini kita akan belajar bagaimana komputer mengelompokkan informasi dan apa 'bahasa' rahasia yang digunakannya." B. Kegiatan Inti (Materi & Diskusi) BAGIAN 1: KLASIFIKASI OBJEK KE DALAM HIMPUNAN 1. Apa itu Himpunan? Himpunan adalah kumpulan benda atau objek yang memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama atau didefinisikan dengan jelas. Kuncinya adalah "ciri-ciri yang sama". • Contoh Himpunan: o Himpunan siswa kelas 8A. o Himpunan alat tulis (pulpen, pensil, penghapus). o Himpunan buah-buahan berwarna merah (apel, stroberi, ceri). • Bukan Contoh Himpunan: o Kumpulan lukisan yang indah (karena "indah" itu relatif, tidak jelas ukurannya). o Kumpulan makanan yang lezat. Mengapa ini penting untuk komputer? Komputer menyimpan jutaan data. Agar mudah ditemukan dan diolah, komputer harus mengklasifikasikannya ke dalam himpunan. • Himpunan file gambar (.jpg, .png). • Himpunan file dokumen (.docx, .pdf). • Himpunan aplikasi di HP-mu. 2. Diskusi Kelompok: Mari Mengklasifikasi! Instruksi untuk Siswa: 1. Bentuklah kelompok yang terdiri dari 3-4 orang. 2. Amati daftar objek/kata di bawah ini: Kucing, Sepeda Motor, Apel, Mawar, Ikan, Mobil, Mangga, Melati, Anjing, Pesawat, Jeruk, Anggrek. 3. Diskusikan dan klasifikasikan objek-objek tersebut ke dalam 3 himpunan berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang kalian tentukan sendiri. 4. Beri nama untuk setiap himpunan yang kalian buat. 5. Tuliskan hasilnya di buku catatan. Contoh Hasil Diskusi (Guru bisa memberikan contoh): • Himpunan 1: Hewan o Anggota: {Kucing, Ikan, Anjing} • Himpunan 2: Kendaraan o Anggota: {Sepeda Motor, Mobil, Pesawat} • Himpunan 3: Tumbuhan o Anggota: {Apel, Mawar, Mangga, Melati, Jeruk, Anggrek} Setelah diskusi, setiap kelompok mempresentasikan hasil klasifikasinya. Guru memberikan apresiasi dan menekankan bahwa klasifikasi adalah langkah pertama dalam Berpikir Komputasional, yaitu mengorganisir data. BAGIAN 2: MEMAHAMI KONSEP DASAR BILANGAN BINER 1. Bahasa Manusia vs. Bahasa Komputer Kita berbicara dengan kata-kata. Komputer tidak mengerti kata "halo" atau "mainkan musik". Komputer hanya mengerti dua kondisi: NYALA atau MATI. Bayangkan saklar lampu di rumahmu. • Ketika lampu NYALA, kita sebut kondisi ini 1. • Ketika lampu MATI, kita sebut kondisi ini 0. Inilah bahasa komputer! Bahasa yang hanya terdiri dari angka 1 dan 0 ini disebut Sistem Bilangan Biner. Semua hal yang kamu lihat di layar—huruf, foto, video, game—sebenarnya adalah rangkaian panjang dari angka 1 dan 0. 2. Mengapa Biner Penting? Komputer terbuat dari jutaan komponen elektronik super kecil yang disebut transistor. Transistor ini bekerja seperti saklar lampu. • Jika ada aliran listrik, nilainya 1. • Jika tidak ada aliran listrik, nilainya 0. Dengan kombinasi jutaan saklar 1 dan 0 ini, komputer bisa merepresentasikan informasi yang sangat rumit. 3. Mengenal Angka Biner Sederhana Mari kita coba hitung seperti komputer! • Mengenal Angka Biner Sederhana Angka 0 dalam desimal = 0 dalam biner. • Angka 1 dalam desimal = 1 dalam biner. • Angka 2 dalam desimal = 10 dalam biner (dibaca: satu-nol). o Kenapa? Karena di biner tidak ada angka 2. Setelah 1, harus kembali ke 0 dengan menaikkan digit di depannya. • Angka 3 dalam desimal = 11 dalam biner (dibaca: satu-satu). • Angka 4 dalam desimal = 100 dalam biner (dibaca: satu-nol-nol). Aktivitas Pengamatan: Guru menunjukkan sebuah gambar atau video singkat tentang bagaimana data direpresentasikan dalam biner. (Misalnya, animasi huruf 'A' yang berubah menjadi kode biner 01000001). Diskusi Singkat: "Menurut kalian, apa keuntungan menggunakan sistem biner yang hanya punya dua simbol ini untuk mesin seperti komputer?" (Arahkan jawaban siswa ke ide tentang kesederhanaan, kejelasan (pasti antara nyala atau mati, tidak ada nilai di antaranya), dan kemudahan untuk diwakili oleh komponen listrik). C. Kegiatan Akhir (Penutup) Rangkuman dan Refleksi "Hari ini kita sudah belajar dua hal penting dalam Berpikir Komputasional:" 1. Klasifikasi Himpunan: Sama seperti kita mengelompokkan benda di kelas, komputer mengelompokkan data agar teratur dan mudah diakses. Ini adalah dasar dari manajemen data. 2. Sistem Bilangan Biner: Kita tahu sekarang bahwa bahasa asli komputer adalah biner (1 dan 0), yang mewakili kondisi NYALA dan MATI dari komponen listrik di dalamnya. Ini adalah dasar dari representasi data. "Jadi, setiap kali kalian mencari file di laptop atau menyalakan HP, ingatlah bahwa di baliknya ada proses klasifikasi himpunan dan jutaan angka 1 dan 0 yang sedang bekerja!" 📌 Kesimpulan 1. Himpunan adalah kumpulan objek yang jelas ciri-cirinya. Konsep himpunan membantu kita mengelompokkan data agar lebih teratur, sama seperti komputer mengelompokkan file berdasarkan jenisnya. 2. Klasifikasi merupakan langkah penting dalam berpikir komputasional karena memudahkan pengolahan data. Contohnya, komputer mengelompokkan file gambar, dokumen, dan aplikasi ke dalam himpunan masing-masing. 3. Sistem Bilangan Biner (0 dan 1) adalah bahasa dasar komputer. Angka 1 mewakili kondisi nyala (ada aliran listrik), sedangkan angka 0 mewakili kondisi mati (tidak ada aliran listrik). 4. Dengan kombinasi jutaan angka 1 dan 0, komputer mampu menyimpan, mengolah, dan menampilkan informasi yang kompleks, seperti teks, gambar, video, dan suara. 5. Klasifikasi data dan sistem biner adalah fondasi utama cara kerja komputer dan menjadi dasar dari teknologi digital yang kita gunakan sehari-hari. ✨ Refleksi 1. Saya menyadari bahwa proses sederhana seperti mengelompokkan benda di sekitar kita ternyata sama pentingnya dengan cara komputer mengorganisir data dalam bentuk himpunan. 2. Saya belajar bahwa komputer sebenarnya tidak rumit, karena hanya menggunakan bahasa sederhana berupa 0 dan 1, tetapi dari kesederhanaan itu lahirlah teknologi canggih yang kita gunakan setiap hari. 3. Saya akan berusaha lebih teliti dan teratur dalam mengklasifikasikan informasi, baik dalam belajar maupun kehidupan sehari-hari, karena hal itu membantu berpikir lebih sistematis. 4. Saya merasa kagum bahwa sesuatu yang kita anggap kecil, seperti sistem biner, ternyata menjadi dasar seluruh teknologi modern, dari smartphone, komputer, hingga internet. 5. Saya ingin menerapkan cara berpikir komputasional ini untuk memecahkan masalah sehari-hari: mulai dari mengelompokkan tugas, mengatur jadwal, hingga menyederhanakan masalah yang rumit agar lebih mudah diselesaikan.