used to prove the universe is expanding

everything that physically exists

the universe is made up of these and includes our solar system

the name of our galaxy

Earth spinning on its axis; gives us day and night

Earth's movement around the Sun

time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is proportional to its distance

the direction of the axis of a planet will change but the tilt will not change

the axis of a planet will wobble about 1/2 a degree in both directions

point between 2 objects where they balance each other

breaking things apart (Sun's energy)

putting things together

process used by plants to make food and oxygen

Earth is closest to the Sun

Earth is farthest away from the Sun

O3

evaporation of water from plants

line of latitude above the equator

line of latitude below the equator

variable that is changed (only one)

variable that is measured

a prediction based on scientific research

includes all the water on the Earth

includes all life on Earth

includes the crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

crust and upper mantle

the lower mantle (plastic-like)

all the solid water on the Earth

physical breaking of rock into sediment

break down of rock that changes the chemical makeup

naturally occurring solid made of minerals or mineral-like matter

molten rock inside the Earth

magma that has reached the Earth's surface

formed from slow cooling magma

formed from cooling lava

formed from weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation

formed from heat and pressure

sedimentary rock formed from other pieces of rock

sedimentary rock formed from living organisms

bands or stripes on metamorphic rock

remains found in sedimentary rock

grinding of rock fragments

when water fills cracks of rocks and expands

material composed of air, humus, water, and minerals

organic matter

movement of sediments

the dropping of sediments

the squeezing together of sediments

the gluing together of sediments with minerals

contains rotting plants and organic matter

contains partially decomposed rock

contains unweathered rock

contains rotting plants and finely decomposed rock

contains decomposed rock and some rotting plants

rock and mineral fragments that cover all the land on the Earth

plates pull apart

driving force behind plate tectonics and plate movement

plates slide past each other

boundaries where mountains are formed

boundaries where continental volcanic arcs are formed

boundaries where volcanic island arcs are formed

a break in the Earth's crust where movement has occurred

vibration in the Earth resulting from elastic rebound

point on the surface of the Earth where an earthquake has occurred (above the focus)

point inside where an earthquake has originated

move particles up and down

fastest earthquake waves (push and pull)

most destructive waves (move particles up, down, and side to side)

measures earthquake waves

measures the magnitude of the largest seismic wave

paper printout showing earthquake vibrations

tidal wave generated by earthquakes on the ocean floor

when the ground becomes saturated with water and turns the soil into a fluid

the falling away of soil and rocks on slopes due to earthquake vibrations

the continuous circulation of Earth's water supply

turning of liquid water into a gas

water turning from a gas into a liquid

rain, snow, sleet, hail

water flowing over the Earth's surface

process by which water enters the soil from the ground surface

movement of water through the soil

percent of rock that contains pore spaces

the measure of ability to transmit fluids

top of the zone of saturation

permeable layers that allow water to flow freely through

area above the water table that contains air between soil spaces

open spaces in the soil filled with water that can be extracted by wells

formed by impermeable materials that form a zone of saturation above it

groundwater that emerges naturally from the ground surface

sinking of the ground (sink hole)

irregular terrain with various sinkholes

depressions in the ground

contaminants have an identifiable source

contaminant source cannot be found

a moving body of water that eventually connects to an ocean

a large stream

how fast or slow the river is moving

the slope or steepness of the river

the amount of water moving by a certain point of the river in a set time

the course that the water flows in a river

where a river begins

the lowest point to which a river can erode

a fan-shaped deposit of sediment where a river empties into an ocean at the mouth

a fan-shaped deposit that forms when a stream drops downward from a higher elevation and encounters the valley floor

where a stream empties into another

bends in the stream channel

sediment that is dissolved in river water; at the top

sediment that remains in the water during transporation; middle

heavy sediment that travels along the bottom of a stream

underwater flat area on the ocean floor

sediment on ocean floor that is moving upwards toward the shore

steepest area of ocean floor

shallowest area of the ocean floor

underwater canyon; deepest place on Earth and very cold

underwater mountains and volcanoes

constantly on the move and formed by changing sea levels, storms and currents

amount of dissolved particles in the water (salt)

rhythmic movement that carry energy through matter or space

highest point of a wave

lowest point of a wave

the vertical distance between a crest and a trough

the horizontal distance between two crests or two troughs

the distance the wind can blow over water

masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another

only move horizontally in the upper part of the ocean

only move vertically in the ocean water

huge circular moving currents driven by global winds

the deflection of the currents from their original course because of the Earth's rotation

the rise and fall of the sea level

when the Sun and moon are at right angles; produce the smallest tidal range

when the Sun, moon, and Earth are in a straight line; produce the highest and lowest tides

layer of atmosphere where weather occurs

layer of atmosphere where ozone is located

layer of atmosphere where meteors burn up

hottest layers of the atmosphere

natural warming of the Earth's surface

huge volumes of air that can cover continents or oceans

dry and hot air mass

dry and cold air mass

moist and hot air mass

moist and cold air mass

occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation (mountain)

occurs when heated air rises and cool air sinks

boundary between two air masses

produces lightening, thunder, and heavy rain

when updrafts and downdrafts of wind and rain cause different parts of a cloud to be electrically charged

a rapidly spinning column of air that has high winds, low pressure, and touches the ground

a tropical area of low pressure that forms over warm waters and has wind speeds greater than 74 mph

center of a hurricane; calmest and warmest parts of the storm

thick clouds surrounding the eye with the most intense winds of the hurric

used to measure a hurricane's intensity

used to measure a tornadoes intensity

an abnormal warming of ocean waters in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

when the Pacific is unusually cold after being unusually hot for years

show the weather conditions at a particular weather station

show wind patterns

refers to the amount of moisture in the surrounding air

ratio of the amount of moisture in the air compared to the amount of moisture the air can hold at that temperature and pressure

used to measure relative humidity

the temperature that the air will need to cool to condense water vapor in liquid

average conditions of a region or the weather pattern that occurs over many years

the clearing of trees for lumber, paper products, agriculture, and urban sprawl

the number and variety of species in an ecosystem

a species of animal or plant that is at risk of extinction

a group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

all members of a species that live in the same area

the area where a species lives

how a species lives/functions in a habitat

a predator that promotes a great niche diversity

a predator without its own predator

trees, animals, food

water, air, nonliving things

all the different populations that live and interact in the same area

all the communities in an area, as well as the abiotic factors in the environment

maximum capacity of an individual or population to reproduce under optimal environmental conditions

the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain

measures how fast we consume resources and generate waste

reprocessing material to make another product

reduced consumer use of materials

using a product in an original way again

a structured place where trash is deposited

materials or substances such as minerals, water, forests, and fertile land, that can be used for economic gain

resources that can be replaced at a rate close to its rate of use or in an unlimited supply

resources of a fixed amount, or a resource that is used up faster than it can be replaced

large-scale new manufacturing, advanced technology and other money making activities into an area, society, country, etc.

new towns and cities are formed

a city that has increased temperatures due to having asphalt, building, and other dark structures that absorb heat and hold heat longer than natural environments

when machines are used to dig large holes in the ground and remove the ore

when huge bulldozers and other machines are used to clear away large areas of the Earth's surface

a restoration of the land to its previous condition

energy sources that are formed from the remains of plants and animals

a soft organic material consisting or partly decayed plant matter with deposited minerals

organic liquid plant/animal remains

chain of hydrocarbons created with peteroleum

technique for extracting natural gas from tight rock shale structures deep below the surface

energy harnessed from the Sun

energy created from fission

energy harnessed by tapping natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water

energy harnessed from the ocean by constructing a dam across the mouth of a bay or estuary

obtaining energy by burning fossil fuels from living or recently living organisms

energy from power generated by falling water and turbines