Hot and dry

Hot and humid

Cold and humid

Cold and dry

Heat and heavy rainfall increase the rate of chemical weathering.

Rocks of different compositions weather at different rates.

The longer a rock is exposed at the surface, the more weathered it becomes.

The presence of soil slows down the weathering of the underlying bedrock.

Erosion at both locations A and B

Deposition at location A, erosion at location B

Deposition at both locations A and B

Erosion at location A, deposition at location B

Frost action

Carbonation

Hydrolysis

Abrasion

roughly the same everywhere on Earth

is negligible

is associated with plate tectonics

varies randomly from place to place on Earth

heating up

cooling off

cooling off during some periods of Earth history and warming up during others

gaining and losing the same amount of thermal energy each year

The heat released as iron crystallized to form the inner core.

The heat from radioactivity of radioactive isotopes of U, Th and K.

The heat from the sun since the beginning of Earth history.

The heat released by colliding particles during the formation of the Earth.

Within the crust below an active volcano

Everywhere beneath the earth's surface

In a streambed near a volcano

On the surface of the sea floor

along the surface of a rock body

at the centers of mineral crystals

in the center of a rock body

at the junctions between different mineral grains

The process by which the same igneous rock may produce different magma compositions upon melting.

Heavier crystals float on the top of the magma in the magma chamber producing a layered igneous rock upon complete solidification.

The process by which the same magma may produce different composition igneous rocks.

Crystal settling may produce different melting conditions for a rock in different plate tectonic scenarios.

All rocks formed under the same pressure and temperature conditions have the same mineral composition, regardless of the original parent rock composition.

As pressure and temperature change, unstable minerals react to form minerals that are stable under the new conditions.

Minerals formed under high temperature and pressure contain inclusions that preserve the metamorphic history of the rock.

Some minerals are produced spontaneously under specific temperature and pressure conditions.

Its parent rock contained large sediments.

It contains dense minerals.

It was found in close association with intrusive igneous rock.

Its layers have been pulled and lengthened.

They decrease

They intermittently change

They increase

They remain constant

confining

shearing

compression     

tension

tension

shearing

deformation

compression

adds energy to rock

makes a rock harder

adds volume to rock

takes energy out of rock

at the north and south poles

along mid-ocean ridges

in deep ocean trenches

along the edges of all the continents

Dennis Lieding, a Libertyville Social Studies teacher

Harry Hess, an American geologist

Alfred Wegener, German scientist

J. Tuzo Wilson, a Canadian scientist

the crust of the continents is denser than the crust of the ocean

mountains are denser than then mantle

the crust of the oceans is very young relative to the continents

the rotational poles of the Earth have migrated

A continental plate is pulled apart and seafloor spreading creates ocean lithosphere in the gap left between the pieces.

Heat and volcanism from Earth’s mantle can cause granitic continental crust to change into basaltic ocean crust.

All the ocean basins were formed when Earth’s crust first formed, so there are no new oceans.

Continental lithosphere becomes so dense that it sinks.