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La Isla de Pascua This 64-square mile island off Chile’s west coast goes by many names. Its English name is Easter Island, marking the day in 1722 when it was discovered by a European. In Spanish, it is called Isla de Pascua. The Rapa Nui, its first inhabitants, called it “The Navel of the World.” Experts do not agree on the history of Easter Island. It is unclear where the first people came from or when they arrived. Many people believe they came from neighboring Polynesia around AD 300. This culture built 900 enormous stone statues for which the island is famous. The statues are known as moai. Most of the moai are made of volcanic tuff. Tuff is a soft rock made from the ash that is forced out during a volcanic eruption. It is easier to carve than hard stones like marble, but it is not ideal for carving small details. The moai are considered megaliths (large stones that form prehistoric monuments). They stand up to 33 feet high when on their ceremonial platform (the average height is about 13 feet), and they weigh up to 82 tons. They usually have a trunk (body), inset arms, and an exaggerated head with angular edges. The head of each moai takes up about one-third of the total figure. It all shows that the people who created them could engineer monumental structures. Many moai stand with their backs to the sea. They watch the island like protective markers. Some low-relief carvings of religious deities were added to the backs of the moai at a later date. Experts are still trying to understand how they were carved and moved, and what they might mean. Chile took control of the island in 1888. At that time, its population was less than 200. The government used it for grazing livestock. Today, the mystery of Easter Island makes it a popular tourist spot. Valparaíso Valparaíso is a colorful blend of old and new traditions in Chile. This port city is an interesting example of daily life in Chile. Before the Panama Canal was opened in 1914, all ships traveling east to west had to pass all the way around South America. Valparaíso was ideally positioned as a stopping point in the Southern Pacific. Valparaíso has a long history of playing host to a large array of cultures and ideas. The city was known around the world as a place that embraced learning and new ideas. Pablo Neruda had a home in Valparaíso in the 1920s. After the Panama Canal was completed, shipping traffic declined significantly. Valparaíso was forgotten and fell upon hard times. In the 1990s, the government of Chile made an effort to revitalize the colorful port. Today it is a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage site. True to its history of embracing learning, it is also home to four universities. Tourists can visit the first stock exchange in Latin America. Valparaíso also has Chile’s first public library. Visitors stroll through cobblestone streets in the historic district. Here they can also view the city’s iconic colorful buildings. At night, music and street performers liven the experience. Try It Yourself Two Spanish words comprise the name of this city. Val means valley. Paraiso means paradise. The name Valparaíso means Paradise Valley. Can you recognize descriptive Spanish words in other Spanish place names? Start with names of places around you. Las Comidas Tradicionales To Chileans, nothing says home like pastel de choclo, a type of casserole made of beef and corn. The body of the casserole is flavorful. It contains beef, onions, raisins, and roasted chicken. It is topped off with a layer of creamed corn and then baked. Baking it brings out the sweetness in the corn, adding a contrast to the savory meat. The preferred type of corn is called choclo. This variety is grown in rugged conditions in the Andes. The kernels are large and hearty compared to other varieties. Another favorite dish in Chile is a type of meat stew called cazuela. Originally a native dish, it is now known as comfort food in Chile. Pork, beef, lamb, or chicken still on the bone is boiled in a traditional clay pot. To that, corn, potatoes, and other local vegetables are added. It is seasoned with onion and garlic. Pablo Rogat/Shutterstock When Chileans think about dessert, manjar is the first ingredient on their minds. It is a caramel sauce made from cooking milk, sugar, and vanilla. It is found in many desserts. It is used as filling in cakes, pies, and cookies. It is refrigerated to make puddings and custards. People even use it to sweeten their coffee.

Based on the text "Eating colours every day," here is a set of multiple-choice questions using "Wh-" question words (Who, What, Where, When, Why) to test comprehension: Comprehension Quiz: Eating Colours 1. What does the phrase "eating colours" actually mean? A) Eating food with artificial food coloring. B) Choosing a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. C) Painting your food before you eat it. D) Only eating your favorite color of food. 2. Why should we eat different colours every day? A) To make the plate look pretty for photos. B) Because colorful food tastes sweeter. C) To get different vitamins and minerals that help us stay healthy. D) Because it is easier to cook colorful food. 3. When can you try to include many colours in your diet? A) Only on the weekends. B) Once a month. C) Only for dinner. D) Throughout the day in all your meals. 4. What is a specific benefit mentioned for our bodies when we eat these foods? A) They help us run faster than a car. B) They help our bodies grow, stay strong, and fight illness. C) They change our eye color. D) They help us sleep for 12 hours. 5. Which of these is an example of a "purple" food mentioned for dessert? A) Red peppers B) Dates C) Purple grapes D) Carrot soup 6. What "Wh-" category does the carrot soup fall into for the suggested daily menu? A) What you eat for breakfast. B) What you eat for lunch. C) What you eat for dessert. D) What you eat for a midnight snack.

Sure! Here's a solid list of **AP English Literature vocabulary**—terms that often come up in class, essays, and the AP exam. I'll break it down into categories to make it easier to study. --- ### 📚 **Literary Devices & Techniques** 1. **Alliteration** – Repetition of initial consonant sounds 2. **Allusion** – A reference to another text, event, or figure 3. **Anaphora** – Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses 4. **Antithesis** – Contrast of ideas in a balanced or parallel construction 5. **Apostrophe** – Addressing someone absent, dead, or nonhuman as if present and able to respond 6. **Assonance** – Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words 7. **Asyndeton** – Omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence 8. **Consonance** – Repetition of consonant sounds, often at the end of words 9. **Diction** – Word choice (formal, informal, colloquial, etc.) 10. **Enjambment** – Continuation of a sentence without pause beyond the end of a line in poetry --- ### 🧠 **Figurative Language** 1. **Hyperbole** – Extreme exaggeration 2. **Imagery** – Descriptive language that appeals to the senses 3. **Irony** - *Verbal*: Saying the opposite of what’s meant - *Situational*: When the outcome is the opposite of what's expected - *Dramatic*: Audience knows something characters don’t 4. **Metaphor** – A direct comparison without using "like" or "as" 5. **Metonymy** – Substituting the name of one thing with something closely related (e.g. "The crown" for royalty) 6. **Synecdoche** – A part representing the whole (e.g. "All hands on deck") 7. **Personification** – Giving human traits to nonhuman things 8. **Simile** – A comparison using "like" or "as" 9. **Symbol** – An object, character, or color that represents something beyond itself --- ### ✍️ **Poetic & Rhetorical Terms** 1. **Caesura** – A pause in a line of poetry, often marked by punctuation 2. **Couplet** – Two lines of poetry that usually rhyme 3. **Iambic Pentameter** – A line with five iambs (unstressed-stressed syllables) 4. **Blank Verse** – Unrhymed iambic pentameter 5. **Free Verse** – Poetry with no fixed meter or rhyme 6. **Elegy** – A mournful poem, often for the dead 7. **Ode** – A lyric poem expressing emotion, often in honor of something 8. **Sonnet** – A 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme (Shakespearean or Petrarchan) --- ### 📖 **Narrative & Structure Terms** 1. **Tone** – The author's attitude toward the subject 2. **Mood** – The feeling or atmosphere the reader experiences 3. **Theme** – The central idea or message in a work 4. **Motif** – A recurring element that has symbolic significance 5. **Foil** – A character who contrasts with another character to highlight traits 6. **Foreshadowing** – Clues or hints about what will happen later 7. **Juxtaposition** – Placing two elements side by side to present a contrast 8. **Point of View** – Perspective from which the story is told (1st, 2nd, 3rd person) 9. **Stream of Consciousness** – Narrative style that mimics thoughts and feelings 10. **Frame Narrative** – A story within a story --- Want me to make flashcards, a quiz, or a PDF study guide with these? Or need help using them in a literary analysis essay?

Pray also for me, that whenever I open my mouth, words may be given me so that I will fearlessly make known the mystery of the gospel, for which I am an ambassador in chains. Pray that I may declare it fearlessly, as I should. Ephesians 6:19,20 What sacrifices have you made because of your faith in Jesus Christ? Have you encountered opposition for reading or carrying your Bible? On August 5, 2008, eight high school students from a small African country were imprisoned in a metal shipping container after they objected to authorities confiscating and burning 1,500 Bibles. That same month, in a prominent Middle Eastern country, a young woman had her tongue cut out and she was then burned to death by her own father because of her con- version to Christianity. These are just a couple of countless stories from around the globe about the persecution Christians face today. While we regularly enjoy the freedom to worship God openly without fear of death or imprisonment, millions of our broth- ers and sisters through the world face unimagi- nable persecution for their faith. This type of treatment is nothing new to the followers of Jesus Christ. Jesus himself warned His followers that they would face persecution for following Him, even going so far to say that “Men will hate you because of me.” (Matthew 10:22) Throughout church history, Christians have been imprisoned, beaten, stoned, thrown to the lions, burned at the stake, and much more because of their faith in Jesus. And in the verses you read earlier, Paul referred to his chains, or imprisonment, because of the gospel. Can you recall any other individuals from the Bible or history who faced opposition because of their faith? As men of God, we have a responsibility to our fellow believers around the world who regu- larly face persecution because of their faith. We need to support them in any way possible. In Ephesians and throughout his writings, Paul asked the believers to pray for him that he would have boldness to continue to preach the gospel even while he was locked in chains. Prayer is a very powerful weapon in your arse- nal. With prayer, a man of God can literally be a part of delivering strength, speaking encour- agement, and doing battle all without leaving his room. Through prayer, you can stand beside a missionary as he preaches to the people of South America. Through prayer, you can be part of delivering peace to the Asian pastor locked in prison because of his faith. How is that possible? It’s possible because your prayers have direct access to God. The most

Chapter 8: The Worlds of North and South Geography Geography refers to the seasons, climate, soil, and physical features of a region (mountains, rivers, etc.) The differences in geography b/t the N and S is one of the major reasons slavery b/c entrenched in the S while it died out in the N. Geography of the North The N has diverse geography and experiences four distinct seasons including long, harsh winters. The Great Plains region has some of the best farmland in the country. New England has rocky, hilly wilderness, not well suited for farming. It has hundreds of bays and harbors along its coastline. States farther S had rich soil and coastal access through rivers. The N also experienced mass deforestation b/c of the need for lumber and to make room for farms. Geography of the South Climate: the S had mild winters, and a long, hot, humid growing season. It has fertile lowlands, marshes and swamps. It's ideal for growing tobacco, sugar, rice, indigo, and cotton (cash crops). B/c of the geography of the S, their whole way of life was based on agriculture and geography is one of the major reasons why slavery took off in the S. Economies Economy basically refers to the way people make and spend money. The Northern economy was far more diversified than the Southern. Economy of the North The North experienced the Industrial Revolution—the shift from handmade goods to machine-made goods. This resulted in new jobs, increased production, and improved efficiency in agriculture. IOW, you can make things faster, easier, and cheaper. More ppl get more stuff. Factories were almost always located next to rivers. The Reaper The Indust. Rev. changed northern agriculture with Cyrus McCormick’s reaper. It could cut 28xs more grain than a single man. The Sewing Machine Elias Howe's sewing machine; At 250 stitches a minute, Howe's lockstitch mechanism out-stitched the output of five hand seamstresses with a reputation for speed, completing in one hour what took the sewers 14.5 hours. The Textile Mill Francis Cabot Lowell's textile mill: essentially the first factory in the US, Lowell set the model for all future factories. Interchangeable Parts Eli Whitney's interchangeable parts; considered the "dawning of a new age" of machinery. This concept was applied to pretty much all manufacturing. Economy of the South The South's economy was based on AGRICULTURE. Most southerners were agrarians. Most had small farms, some owned plantations. Slavery beginning to decline in late 1700s; prices went down (tobacco, indigo) and cotton was difficult. King Cotton Cotton was South’s most important crop. Earned more money than all other exports combined. The S would go on to supply 75% of the world's cotton demand. Cotton Gin Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1794 and forever changed the US. The gin made cotton incredibly profitable. We start to see the effects of the cotton gin around 1820. Slavery and Cotton Southerners put all their money into slaves and land, and almost none into building factories. With the spread of cotton, demand for slaves increased. 1790 to 1850, number of slaves rose 600%. Transportation Again, the N was far more inventive in their approach to transportation than the S. Transportation in the North National Road National Road stretched from the East (the Potomac), over the Appalachians, to the West (Illinois), over 620 miles. Steamboat In 1807, Robert Fulton invented the steamboat. It traveled 150 miles UP the Hudson River at a speed of 5 mph. Erie Canal Built b/t 1817 and 1825, the canal spanned 363 miles and connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River. This connected farms in the W to cities in the E and the Atlantic Ocean. Clipper Ship Clippers were narrow w massive sails that were built for speed. They cut the time it took to cross the Atlantic in half. Locomotive The fastest and cheapest way to move goods was by steam-powered trains. The first RR was the B&O which was built in 1827. Transportation in the South Most people and goods in the South traveled by rivers in steamboats. The South had trains, but less than half the amount of railroad track than the North had. Society (The People) The people who made up the N and S could not have been more different. The S was primarily agrarian while the N was b/c urbanized. The S was holding on to the past, while the N was embracing change. Society in the South Society was organized into 3 distinct classes of people: rich plantation owners at the top; then white farmers and workers; slaves on the bottom. This rigid social class system was the result of a slave-based agricultural system. Power Structure Only 1 in 4 whites owned a slave. Plantation owners, who owned more than 20 slaves, dominated politics and the economy. Society in the North 7 of 10 Northerners still lived on farms by the 1840s (6 of 10 by 1860), but urbanization was growing fast in the N. The N relied on wage labor as opposed to slave labor, so most blacks in the N were free. N blacks were not treated equally and the N was about as racist as the S. Immigration Compared to the S, the N population was exploding, in large part bc of immigration. Between 1845 and 1860, 4 million immigrants came to the North. Most were German and Irish. Irish--a potato famine; German--a failed revolution. Ethnic neighborhoods developed as a result.

Lesson 1: Continental Drift Theory and the Evidences that support the Theory Continental drift describes one of the earliest ways geologists thought continents moved over time. Today, the theory of continental drift has been replaced by the science of plate tectonics. The theory of continental drift is most associated with the scientist Alfred Wegener. In the early 20th century, Wegener published a paper explaining his theory that the continental landmasses were “drifting” across the Earth, sometimes plowing through oceans and into each other. He called this movement continental drift. Pangaea Wegener was convinced that all of Earth’s continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener, trained as an astronomer, used biology, botany, and geology describe Pangaea and continental drift. For example, fossils of the ancient reptile mesosaurus are only found in southern Africa and South America. Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile only one meter (3.3 feet) long, could not have swum the Atlantic Ocean. The presence of mesosaurus suggests a single habitat with many lakes and rivers. Wegener also studied plant fossils from the frigid Arctic Archipelago of Svalbard, Norway. These plants were not the hardy specimens adapted to survive in the Arctic climate. These fossils were of tropical plants, which are adapted to a much warmer, more humid environment. The presence of these fossils suggests Svalbard once had a tropical climate. Finally, Wegener studied the stratigraphy of different rocks and mountain ranges. The east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa seem to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, and Wegener discovered their rock layers “fit” just as clearly. South America and Africa were not the only continents with similar geology. Wegener discovered that the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, for instance, were geologically related to the Caledonian Mountains of Scotland. Pangaea existed about 240 million years ago. By about 200 million years ago, this supercontinent began breaking up. Over millions of years, Pangaea separated into pieces that moved away from one another. These pieces slowly assumed their positions as the continent we recognize today. Today, scientists think that several supercontinents like Pangaea have formed and broken up over the course of the Earth’s lifespan. These include Pannotia, which formed about 600 million years ago, and Rodinia, which existed more than a billion years ago. Tectonic Activity Scientists did not accept Wegener’s theory of continental drift. One of the elements lacking in the theory was the mechanism for how it works—why did the continents drift and what patterns did they follow? Wegener suggested that perhaps the rotation of the Earth caused the continents to shift towards and apart from each other. (It doesn't.) Today, we know that the continents rest on massive slabs of rock called tectonic plates. The plates are always moving and interacting in a process called plate tectonics. The continents are still moving today. Some of the most dynamic sites of tectonic activity are seafloor spreading zones and giant rift valleys. In the process of seafloor spreading, molten rock rises from within the Earth and adds new seafloor (oceanic crust) to the edges of the old. Seafloor spreading is most dynamic along giant underwater mountain ranges known as mid-ocean ridges. As the seafloor grows wider, the continents on opposite sides of the ridge move away from each other. The North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, for example, are separated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The two continents are moving away from each other at the rate of about 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) per year. Rift valleys are sites where a continental landmass is ripping itself apart. Africa, for example, will eventually split along the Great Rift Valley system. What is now a single continent will emerge as two—one on the African plate and the other on the smaller Somali plate. The new Somali continent will be mostly oceanic, with the Horn of Africa and Madagascar its largest landmasses. The processes of seafloor spreading, rift valley formation, and subduction (where heavier tectonic plates sink beneath lighter ones) were not well-established until the 1960s. These processes were the main geologic forces behind what Wegener recognized as continental drift.

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