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Ecosystems and Evolution
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Ecosystems and Evolution Vocabulary1. What is intraspecific competition? a. A relationship between predator and prey b. Competition between individuals of the same species for limited resources c. Interaction between two different species in an ecosystem d. A form of predation where herbivores consume plants 2. How does interspecific competition affect ecosystems? a. It leads to an increase in biodiversity b. It causes one species to always become extinct c. It can change population sizes and species distribution d. It has no effect on ecosystems 3. Which of the following is an example of true predation? a. A cow grazing on grass b. A lion hunting a zebra c. A bee pollinating flowers d. A bird building a nest 4. What role do parasitoids play in ecosystems? a. They are primary producers b. They help control pest populations c. They are a type of prey d. They compete with herbivores for plants 5. Which of the following best describes a predator? a. An organism that is hunted and consumed b. An organism that feeds on plants c. An organism that hunts and consumes another organism d. An organism that lays eggs inside a host 6. How does grazing affect plant communities? a. It allows a single plant species to dominate b. It helps maintain diverse ecosystems c. It eliminates all plant life d. It has no impact on plant communities 7. What is the main difference between intraspecific and interspecific competition? a. Intraspecific involves different species; interspecific involves the same species b. Intraspecific involves the same species; interspecific involves different species c. Intraspecific competition is always beneficial; interspecific is not d. Intraspecific competition occurs only in aquatic environments 8. What is a common consequence of predation in ecosystems? a. Increase in prey population b. Overpopulation of predators c. Regulation of prey populations d. Extinction of all predators 9. Which interaction involves herbivores consuming plants? a. True predation b. Intraspecific competition c. Grazing d. Parasitism 10. How can interspecific competition influence natural selection? a. It does not influence natural selection b. It leads to cooperation among all species c. It can drive adaptation and evolutionary change d. It eliminates the need for adaptation Evolution (adaptation and Inheritance) worksheet (it should be covered in the British curriculum) Adaptation, adaptive traits, habitat, ecosystem Inheritance, inherited characteristics or acquired characteristics, variation, Introduction – Evolution of IoT ––IoT Definition – Elements of an IoT ecosystem Roles of Sensors & Actuators – Types of sensors –Working of Sensors – Development boards – Arduino – Raspberry pi – Beagle bone – ESP8266 – Interfacing of sensors with development boards – IoT Networking Components – Addressing Strategies in IoT – Trends and implications – Operating System for IoT – Industrial IoT – IoT applicationsIt is a basic unit of life in the smallest structure capable of basic life processes such as taking and nutrients expelling waste and reproducing is sometimes called the building block of life. a. Organ c. Cell b. DNA d. Nucleus 2. It surrounds the cell that separates the material outside the cell from the material inside the cell that maintains the integrity of cell and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell. a. Cell Membrane c. Vacuoles b. Cell Wall d. Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. He was a Greek Philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexader the Great, also considered as the father of biology. a. Theophrastus c. Aristotle b. Matthias Schleiden d. Theodore Schwann 4. It is the functional role of a species in a community that is its occupation or how it earns its living. a. Ecosystem c. Niche b. Work d. Occupation 5. Indicates the total amount of energy present in each trophic level that shows the loss of energy from one trophic level to the next. a. Energy pyramid c. Food Pyramid b. Taxonomy d. Biomass 6. German physiologist who contributes that animal is made up of lot of cells the discovery of the organic nature of yeast and invention of the term metabolism. a. Rudolf Virchow c. Aristotle b. Matthias Schleiden d. Theodore Schwann 7. The first person who use the term cells for the tiny structures found in organisms and observe a piece of cork by the use of microscope which he himself had made. a. Rudolf Virchow c. Robert Hooke b. Matthias Schleiden d. Theodore Schwann 8. It refers to the theory about the origin of life which life originated spontaneously from non-living things. a. Marine Theory c. Divine Creation Theory b. Evolutionary Theory d. Abiogenesis Theory 9. Life originated from outer planets in a form of a resistance poor propelled by radiation pressure reach earth and started the first form of life. a. Marine Theory c. Divine Creation Theory b. Cosmozoic Theory d. Abiogenesis Theory 10. He conducted an experiment with nutrient both and curved neck flask to finally disprove spontaneous generation. a. Louis Pasteur c. Lazzaro Spallanzani b. Francesco Redi d. John NeedhamLESSON 3 Characteristics of Living Things Learning Objectives • Describe each characteristic of life • Relate each characteristic of life with how first forms of life evolved What sets living things apart from nonliving things? Organisms are equipped with different characteristics that allow them to grow, adapt, survive, and perpetuate. These include the ability to metabolize, respond to stimuli, interact, and reproduce, among others What are the characteristics of life? Try to look at your surroundings and identify the living things that you see. You have probably identified a lot. Many scientists believe that there are more than 10 million kinds of living things that exist on Earth today. But the question is, how can something be considered living? There are certain characteristics that all living things exhibit: the characteristics of life. Living things are made up of cells. They metabolize, grow and develop, respond to stimulus, adapt to their environment, and reproduce. Living Things Are Made up of Cells All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. Each cell contains materials that carry out basic life processes such as respiration. In the 1600s, an argument against the theory of spontaneous generation was made. Italian physician and biologist Francesco Redi disproved the theory that all living things come from nonliving things. Cells have different properties and characteristics. The cell theory describes the properties of all cells. There are three tenets of the cell theory: 1. The cell is the basic unit of life. 2. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells. The discovery of the cell is largely attributed to Robert Hooke. Upon examining a piece of cork using a microscope that he built, Hooke observed tiny compartments that he called "cells" (from the Latin word cella, meaning "little room"). Matthias Schleiden suggested that all structural parts of plants are made up of cells. In 1839, Theodore Schwann stated that along with plants, all animals were composed of cells. From these conclusions about plants and animals, advancement on the study of animal parts and functions began. In 1855, Rudolf Virchow included the idea that all cells came from preexisting cells. Some living things are made up of only single cells. Single-celled or unicellular organisms include bacteria, some protists, and some fungi. Even though composed of single cells, these organisms carry out all the functions necessary for life. Most living things such as animals and plants, are multicellular organisms. They are composed of many cells, which are grouped together and perform specific tasks in the body. In different organisms, cells also vary in sizes, shapes, parts, and functions. There are two kinds of organisms according to their cell structure, the prokaryotes and eukaryotes (figure 5-3). Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, and all other organelles. Its name comes from the Greek words pro, which means "before," and karyon, which means "nut or kernel." Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that contain membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains the genetic material (DNA), enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Other membrane-bound organelles are mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplast found in photosynthetic organisms such as algae and plants. There are also unicellular eukaryotes known as protozoa. All other eukaryotes are multicellular organisms, such as plants, animals, and fungi. Living Things Metabolize Essential chemical reactions in life can be best described as building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) processes. In anabolism, the substances needed by organisms to grow, store energy, and repair tissues are synthesized. In contrast in catabolism, some complex substances are broken down, releasing the energy stored in their molecules. This happens in food digestion. This chemical building up and breaking down processes are collectively called metabolism. Metabolism, from the Greek word metabole meaning "change," is the sum total of all the life-sustaining chemical reactions in living things. It allows living things to grow, maintain their structures and functions, and respond to stimuli. Living Things Grow and Develop Growth and development are not new concepts to many. In all living things, growth involves the increase in one's size or height. However, growth is not just an increase in physical structure. It also involves complex changes in an organism. Growth and development occur rapidly from younger stages of life to maturity. In humans, animals, and plants, distinct changes brought by growth and development can be dearly identified. Microorganisms such as bacteria also undergo growth and development until they reach their maximum size and maturity. A life span is the average length of time a aving thing can live. Living things have different life spans. Humans have average life spectancy of 60 to 70 years, while some plants, such as the narra trees, can live for more than 100. Living Things Respond to Stimuli All living things respond to stimuli the environment. This responsiveness Increases survivability. Stimulus (plural: uli) is any signal or change in he environment of an organism that produces a response or reaction from that organism. Responses to stimuli depend on an organism's need. Responding to stimuli also maintains homeostasis in living things. Homeostasis is the internal balance of a body system. This balance is needed for the proper function and regulation of the living thing's body. For example, when a person is in a warmer environment, the body sweats, keeping the body maintain a temperature suited for the normal function of the body. Living Things Interact No living thing can live alone. Interaction among organisms is simultaneously happening on Earth. From the smallest microorganisms to the biggest organism, and from the North Pole to the South Pole of Earth, all are connected in one living system. An ecosystem is formed when a community of organisms interacts with another community and with their environment. Many processes and interactions, such as in a feeding relationship, life cycle, and the exchange of gases between plants and animals, occur in the ecosystem. These are some of the important processes needed to maintain life on Earth. Living Things Reproduce The ability of living things to produce offspring of their kind is called reproduction. Reproduction is not an individual organism's need, rather, it is for the species' perpetuation. In some cases, animals become extinct because of their inability to reproduce their kind. Higher forms of plants and animals reproduce through sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves the union of sex cells or gametes-the egg cell from a female organism and the sperm cell from a male organism. This union gives rise to a new individual with characteristics or traits from both parents. Other simple organisms, such as bacteria and plants, can reproduce asexually. These organisms give rise to a new individual from their body. A bacterial cell divided in two through asexual reproduction gives rise to new bacteria, as shown in figure 5-5. A yeast can form buds that later on become separate individual. Plants grow new plants using their stem, leaf, and roots. Both sexual and asexual reproductions have important functions. In both cases, the genetic material (DNA) is passed on from one generation to the next, ensuring the survival of the species on Earth. 1. Bacteria copy their DNA by starting at any point on the circular chromosomes. 2. The two copies of DNA attach to the inside wall of the bacterial cell. 3. The cell starts to divide, forming a new membrane and cell wall. 4. The bacterial cell splits into two separate cells, each with their own DNA. Living Things Adapt and Evolve All living things can adapt to their environment. This adaptation is necessary for rvival. Adaptation depends on the need of an individual. A polar bear, for example, would not be able to survive in an extremely cold environment without its capacity adapt. Adaptation is any response or reaction toward a stimulus that helps in the survival of an organism. A seed-eating bird will eventually eat a worm when there are seeds to be found. This change in food choice is therefore its adapting mechanism. Prolonged adaptation to certain environments may lead to the gradual evolution of the succeeding generations. Evolution is the gradual change in organisms over a long period in response to changing environment. Living Things Are Organized Life on Earth exhibits organization. The atom is the smallest unit of matter, lowed by molecules, which are combinations of atoms. When these molecules are grouped together, they form a cell. The cell is the basic unit of life. In multicellular organisms, such as plants and animals, cells are grouped as tissues to perform specific Functions. Different tissues can be grouped further and form organs. Organs in animals include the heart, brain, and lungs, among others. The organs form organ systems that makes the function of the body more complex and efficient. Organ systems form the whole organism. All living things exhibit organization, whether they are unicellular or multicellular organisms.. Make a test, with answers best on the following: Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells. Supporting Content LS1.A: Structure and Function • All living things are made up of cells, which is the smallest unit that can be said to be alive. An organism may consist of one single cell (unicellular) or many different numbers and types of cells (multicellular). (MS-LS-1.1) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on developing evidence that living things are made of cells, distinguishing between living and non-living things, and understanding that living things may be made of one cell or many and varied cells. In multicellular organisms, the body is a system of multiple interacting subsystems. These subsystems are groups of cells that work together to form tissues and organs that are specialized for particular body functions. (MS-LS-1.3) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding that cells form tissues and tissues form organs specialized for particular body functions. Examples could include the interaction of subsystems within a system and the normal functioning of those systems. Organisms reproduce, either sexually or asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring. (MS-LS-1.4) • Living things share certain characteristics. (These include response to environment, reproduction, energy use, growth and development, life cycles, made of cells, etc.) (MS-LS1.4) Further Explanation: Examples should include both biotic and abiotic items, and should be defended using accepted characteristics of life. Plants, algae (including phytoplankton), and many microorganisms use the energy from light to make sugars (food) from carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water through the process of photosynthesis, which also releases oxygen. These sugars can be used immediately or stored for growth or later use. (MS-LS-1.5) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on tracing movement of matter and flow of energy. Supporting Content LS1.C: Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms • Within individual organisms, food moves through a series of chemical reactions (cellular respiration) in which it is broken down and rearranged to form new molecules, to support growth, or to release energy. (MS-LS-1.6) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on describing that molecules are broken apart and put back together and that in this process, energy is released and on understanding that the elements in the products are the same as the elements in the reactants. Organisms, and populations of organisms, are dependent on their environmental interactions both with other living things and with nonliving factors. (MS-LS-2.1) • In any ecosystem, organisms and populations with similar requirements for food, water, oxygen, or other resources may compete with each other for limited resources, access to which consequently constrains their growth and reproduction. (MS-LS-2.1) • Growth of organisms and population increases are limited by access to resources. (MS-LS-2.1) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on cause and effect relationships between resources and growth of individual organisms and the numbers of organisms in ecosystems during periods of abundant and scarce resources. Similarly, predatory interactions may reduce the number of organisms or eliminate whole populations of organisms. Mutually beneficial interactions, in contrast, may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. Although the species involved in these competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial interactions vary across ecosystems, the patterns of interactions of organisms with their environments, both living and nonliving, are shared. (MS-LS-2.2) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on predicting consistent patterns of interactions in different ecosystems in terms of the relationships among and between organisms and abiotic components of ecosystems. Examples of types of interactions could include competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial. Food webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy is transferred between producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. Transfers of matter into and out of the physical environment occur at every level. Decomposers recycle nutrients from dead plant or animal matter back to the soil in terrestrial environments or to the water in aquatic environments. The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. (MS-LS-2.3) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on describing the conservation of matter and flow of energy into and out of various ecosystems, and on defining the boundaries of the system. Ecosystems are dynamic in nature; their characteristics can vary over time. Disruptions to any physical or biological component of an ecosystem can lead to shifts in all its populations. (MSLS-2.5) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on recognizing patterns in data and making warranted inferences about changes in populations, and on evaluating empirical evidence supporting arguments about changes to ecosystems. Biodiversity describes the variety of species found in Earth’s terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems. The completeness or integrity of an ecosystem’s biodiversity is often used as a measure of its health. (MS-LS-2.6) Supporting Content LS4.D: Biodiversity • Changes in biodiversity can influence humans’ resources, such as food, energy, and medicines, as well as ecosystem services that humans rely on—for example, water purification and recycling. (MS-LS-2.6) Supporting Content ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions • There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. (MS-LS-2.6) Further Explanation: Examples of ecosystem services could include water purification, nutrient recycling, and prevention of soil erosion. Examples of design solution constraints could include scientific, economic, and social considerations. Genes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes. Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. Structural changes to genes (mutations) can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. (MS-LS-3.1) Supporting Content LS3.B: Variation of Traits • In addition to variations that arise from sexual reproduction, genetic information can be altered because of mutations. Though rare, mutations may result in significant changes to the structure and function of proteins. Changes can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the organism. (MS-LS-3.1) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on conceptual understanding that changes in genetic material may result in making different proteins. Organisms reproduce, either sexually or asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring. (MS-LS-3.2) Supporting Content LS3.A: Inheritance of Traits • Variations of inherited traits between parent and offspring arise from genetic differences that result from the subset of chromosomes (and therefore genes) inherited. (MS-LS-3.2) Supporting Content LS3.B: Variation of Traits • In sexually reproducing organisms, each parent contributes half of the genes acquired (at random) by the offspring. Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. These versions may be identical or may differ from each other. (MS-LS-3.2) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on using models such as simple Punnett squares and pedigrees, diagrams, and simulations to describe the cause and effect relationship of gene transmission from parent(s) to offspring and resulting genetic variation. The collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order is known as the fossil record and documents the change of many life forms throughout the history of the Earth. Anatomical similarities and differences between various organisms living today and between living and once living organisms in the fossil record enable the classification of living things. (MS-LS-4.1, MS-LS-4.2) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on finding patterns of changes in the level of complexity of anatomical structures in organisms and the chronological order of fossil appearance in the rock layers. The collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order is known as the fossil record and documents the change of many life forms throughout the history of the Earth. Anatomical similarities and differences between various organisms living today and between living and once living organisms in the fossil record enable the classification of living things. (MS-LS-4.1, MS-LS-4.2) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on explanations of the relationships among organisms in terms of similarity or differences of the gross appearance of anatomical structures. Scientific genus and species level names indicate a degree of relationship. (MS-LS-4.3) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on inferring general patterns of relatedness among structures of different organisms by comparing diagrams, pictures, specimens, or fossils. Natural selection leads to the predominance of certain traits in a population, and the suppression of others. (MS-LS-4.4) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on using concepts of natural selection, including overproduction of offspring, passage of time, variation in a population, selection of favorable traits, and heritability of traits. In artificial selection, humans have the capacity to influence certain characteristics of organisms by selective breeding. One can choose desired parental traits determined by genes, which are then passed to offspring. (MS-LS-4.5) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on identifying and communicating information from reliable sources about the influence of humans on genetic outcomes in artificial selection (such as genetic modification, animal husbandry, gene therapy), and on the influence these technologies have on society as well as the technologies leading to these scientific discoveries. Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. (MS-LS-4.6) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on using mathematical models, probability statements, and proportional reasoning to support explanations of trends in changes to populations over time. Examples could include Peppered Moth population changes before and after the industrial revolution. There are 12 core values at BTS, with 4 core values being “non-negotiables”. Each of the 12 core values are categorized into 3 main groups, Permission to Play, Architect of the Future, and Guardian of the Mood, to further encapsulate the broader aspects of BTS's work culture. The 4 non-negotiables: Being Super Hungry: This value underscores an intrinsic motivation and a relentless pursuit of goals. It reflects an individual's aspiration to continually strive for success, always seeking opportunities to grow and excel. Strong Willingness to Learn: This value promotes a continuous desire for personal and professional growth. It represents an open-minded approach to acquiring new skills and knowledge, which is critical in the ever-evolving field of taxation and financial services. Burning Desire for an Abundant Lifestyle: This value aligns well with the firm's vision and mission. It showcases a passionate pursuit of a prosperous life, not just in terms of financial wealth but a comprehensive approach to abundance, involving personal well-being and satisfaction. Burning Desire to be the Best: This embodies the drive to excel and be at the forefront in one’s area of expertise. It encourages individuals to strive for excellence, setting the bar high and aiming to surpass it, fostering a culture of competitiveness and high performance. Permission to Play: This category delineates the foundational qualities BTS seeks in potential team members, reflecting a blend of passion, humility, presence, and aspiration for a prosperous life. Super Hungry: Being "Super Hungry" transcends personal ambition, creating an environment where passion and determination are contagious. It's about fostering an ecosystem of perpetual growth, where individuals are fervently working towards their goals while uplifting others. It represents a spirit of resilience and relentless forward motion, fostering a collective progress where success is a shared journey. Humble and Humility: Embracing humility is the cornerstone of personal and organizational growth at BTS. It encourages individuals to remain open to learning and receptive to constructive criticism, fostering a culture of continuous improvement. Humility embodies a willingness to relinquish ego, embracing the learnings that come through experiences and guidance. It cultivates a space where personal growth is accelerated through mutual respect and collaborative learning, ultimately paving the way for success. Burning Desire for an Abundant Lifestyle: This core value embodies a holistic pursuit of happiness, where individuals strive to find joy and fulfillment in various facets of life, including work, personal relationships, and mental well-being. It encourages a balanced approach to life, where passion for work aligns with personal joy, fostering a workplace where individuals are deeply committed and engaged in their roles, finding contentment and happiness in their professional pursuits. Being Fully Present and Inspiring: Being fully present encourages individuals to immerse themselves wholly in their tasks, minimizing distractions and maximizing productivity. It fosters a workplace where people are engaged, content, and genuinely invested in their roles. Simultaneously, nurturing an inspiring environment is about personal growth and self-motivation, where individuals are the driving forces behind their success, igniting inspiration through their journey and accomplishments, fostering a cycle of mutual motivation and growth. Architect of the Future: This category is about the cultivation of leaders within the team, encouraging qualities such as self-drive, innovation (revolutionist), a strong willingness to learn, and an unyielding desire to be the best in their field. Being Self-Driven: A self-driven individual embodies responsibility and initiative, equipped with a clear vision and a proactive approach to achieving their goals. They are fervent in bridging the gap between their present and envisioned future, fostering a goal-oriented mindset that is aggressive in its pursuit and focused on accomplishing its objectives. Being a Revolutionist: A revolutionist in the BTS context is an innovator, willing to defy conventional norms and embrace new approaches to foster growth and development. They are vocal advocates for change, bringing unique perspectives and solutions to the table, fostering an environment of innovation and progressive thinking. Even amidst resistance, they hold firm to their vision, aligning their actions with the core values and purpose that guide BTS's mission. Strong Willingness to Learn: An individual with a strong willingness to learn is adaptable, constantly evolving to meet the changing demands of the industry. They are voracious learners, continually seeking knowledge to enhance their expertise, thereby adding value to the clients and the organization. Burning Desire to be the Best: This value is about embodying excellence in every endeavor, fostering a culture where individuals are constantly striving to elevate their expertise and services. It encourages a proactive approach to personal and professional growth, where the quest for greatness is a continuous journey, propelled by learning and innovation. Guardian of the Mood: This focuses on maintaining a positive and collaborative work environment, emphasizing values such as gratefulness, patience, excitement, and helpfulness. It suggests that BTS values not only professional excellence but also emotional intelligence and positive interpersonal interactions. Being Grateful: Being grateful at BTS embodies a conscious appreciation of the opportunities and resources at hand. It encourages individuals to not just focus on personal milestones but to recognize and value the collective efforts and accomplishments of the team. It's about harboring a mindset of thankfulness that permeates everyday life, understanding that the privilege to progress and succeed is not to be taken for granted. This attitude fosters a nurturing environment where gratitude amplifies abundance, paving the way for more blessings and opportunities to flourish. Patience: Patience at BTS embodies a multifaceted approach that encompasses trust, readiness to play a role effectively, striving to reach one's potential, a hunger for success, and a helpful disposition. It encourages individuals to cultivate a patient attitude, fostering a work environment where goals are pursued with persistence and determination. Genuine Excitement: Genuine excitement at BTS manifests as a contagious enthusiasm that permeates the organization. It is characterized by a deep-seated passion for one's work, fostering a positive and vibrant work environment where individuals are energized and motivated to make a meaningful impact through their roles. Being Helpful: Being helpful at BTS entails proactively identifying opportunities to assist, be it in aiding clients with their concerns or supporting team members in their roles. It fosters a collaborative and supportive work environment, where individuals are attuned to the needs of others and are ready to step in to provide assistance.