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Electrostatics The section of CBSE Class 12 Physics electrostatic potential and capacitance notes mainly deals with the in-depth analysis of electromagnetic phenomena when they are not performing any movements. Additionally, it is divided into ten further sub-topics to study the companion processes of reaching the state. These are - 1. Electric charge In this section of Physics ch 2 Class 12 notes, you get to learn about the basic features of electric charge and its expression in Physics. Along with its basics, the sections help to understand the full potential of charge. Different aspects of Charge included in Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 notes are - Definition Type: Positive and Negative Charge Unit and dimensional formula Point Charge Properties of Charge Comparison of Charge and Mass Methods of Charging Electroscope 2. Coulomb's Law Force is created when charges of opposite signs attract each other, and they repulse if the signs are the same. Coulomb's law tries to define this phenomenon through a mathematical formula, explicitly mentioned in Physics Class 12 notes Chapter 2. Moreover, there is key information about the variation of the constant k and its effect on a medium. Coulomb's law's vector form and the principle of superimposition are also explained in ch 2 Physics Class 12 notes. (Image will be uploaded soon) 3. Electric Field As stated in Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 notes, every positively or negatively charged particle has their respective electric fields. It feels a force at the time of interaction which might be attraction or repulsion. As it arises from electric charge, it is crucial to know about its different parts like - Electric field intensity Relation between electric force and electric field Super imposition of electric field Point charge Continuous charge distributions Properties of Electric Field Lines Motion of Charged Particles in an Electric field Learning more about the electric field from electric potential and capacitance notes Class 12 helps a student to get a grasp of upcoming chapters. 4. Electric Potential Energy When energy helps a charge to move from an electric field, it is known as the Electric Potential Energy. This section of electrostatic chapter Class 12 notes requires a student to study the Electron volt (eV), and the potential energy that an n number of charges can hold. 5. Electric Potential This section of Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 notes focuses on in-depth learning of Electric Potential or Voltage. Basically, it defines the potential movement of energy. 6. Relation between Electric Field and Potential Apart from knowing more about the relationship between the two values, Physics Class 12 Chapter 2 notes also discuss equipotential surfaces. 7. Electric Dipole Essentially, 'Dipoles' are two opposite points of charge represented with q and –q, with their distance between each other being 2a. Electric Dipoles are crucial in your study of Physics Class 12 Chapter 2 notes to learn more about electric fields and their potential. Additionally, Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 notes focus on the influence of electric dipoles on a uniform electric field mainly through Force and Torque, Work, and Potential Energy. In the last part of Electrostatics, further focus is on using the formulas to their fullest potential. It includes subsections of Electric Field, Electric Potential Energy, Electric Potential, and Electric Dipole. In the notes for electrostatic potential and capacitance, you will find proper solutions accompanied by clear and crisp diagrams for better understanding. 8. Gauss's Law Apart from just discussing the Gauss's Law, in Physics Class 12 ch 2 notes there is a thorough explanation of its properties and applications. The Gauss' Law states that net electric flux passing through a hypothetical closed surface is equal to the net electric charge present within the same closed surface. Being a broad part of the whole chapter, you may need to spend a little more time on it. Moving forward, it starts discussing the properties of conductors in relation to Gauss's Law. The Class 12 Physics notes Chapter 2 perfectly defines the journey to Gauss' Law from Coulomb's Law. Here is the Gauss's Law present in the Class 12 Physics ch 2 notes, (image will be uploaded soon) 9. Capacitors There is a dedicated section about Capacitors in the Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 notes elucidating its functions and importance as storage of potential electric energy. After explaining the structure of a capacitor, it points out the different types, parallel plate, spherical and cylindrical. The section of Chapter 2 notes of Physics Class 12 is further divided into subheads like: Properties of an ideal battery Grouping of capacitors Simple circuits (Series and Parallel) Dielectric Van de Graaff generator Combination of drops Charge distribution method Wheatstone Bridge-based circuit Extended Wheatstone Bridge Infinite network of capacitors Redistribution of charge between two capacitors Vedantu prepares the Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 notes with help from subject matter experts. In the PDF, you get a comprehensive idea of the topic along with potential answers to the most asked questions. Furthermore, the detailed explanation on each section and subsections are written in a simple language allows a student to ace their exams with wholesome knowledge. These Physics Chapter 2 Class 12 notes are going to be one of the best supplementary study materials besides a student’s textbooks. Visit the Vedantu website or download the app to get your hands on all important notes! Important Questions A charge of 4 × 10–8C is uniformly distributed on the surface of a spherical conductor, having a radius of 15 cm. Determine the electric field just outside this sphere at a point that is 15 cm from the centre of this sphere. Determine the capacitance given that the distance between the two plates has been reduced by half and the parallel plate capacitor holds a capacitance of 20 pF (where 1pF = 10-12 F) having air between the two plates. What will be the total capacitance of a combination where three capacitors, each having a capacitance of 20 pF, are connected in series. A square having a side of 10 cm has a 500 µC charge at its centre. Determine the work done to move a charge of 10 µC between two points that are diagonally opposite each other on the square. At an equatorial point, what will be the electrostatic potential because of an electric dipole? Calculate the work done to move a test charge, q, through a length of 1 cm along the equatorial axis of an electric dipole? Polarisation A capacitor has its plates enclosed in a medium that can be filled by insulating substances. A net dipole moment is then induced by an electric field in the dielectric. This event causes the field in an opposite direction. Equipotential Surface An equipotential surface is a type of surface where the potential always has a constant value. If considered as a point charge, the concentric spheres that are centred at a particular area of this charge are basically equipotential surfaces. Advantages of Vedantu's Revision Notes: A Comprehensive Resource for Effective Learning There are several reasons why one may refer to Vedantu's revision notes for studying a subject like Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance. Here are some key points: Comprehensive Coverage: Vedantu's revision notes provide a comprehensive coverage of the entire topic, ensuring that all important concepts and subtopics are included. Concise and Organized: The notes are designed to be concise, focusing on the key points and core ideas. They are organized in a structured manner, making it easy for students to navigate and revise the content. Simplified Explanation: The revision notes offer simplified explanations of complex concepts, making them more accessible and easier to understand. This helps students grasp the material more effectively. Key Formulas and Equations: The notes highlight the key formulas and equations relevant to the topic, ensuring that students have a clear understanding of the mathematical aspects of Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance. Examples and Illustrations: Vedantu's revision notes often include examples and illustrations that help clarify concepts and provide practical applications, enabling students to better relate theory to real-world scenarios. Quick Recap: The revision notes serve as a quick recap of the important points, allowing students to review the material efficiently before exams or assessments. Exam-Oriented Approach: Vedantu's revision notes are designed with an exam-oriented approach, focusing on the topics and concepts that are frequently asked in examinations. This helps students prepare effectively and increase their chances of scoring well. Accessible Anytime: Vedantu's revision notes are easily accessible online, allowing students to study at their convenience and revise the material anytime, anywhere.

Layer-ul fizic produce reprezentarea și gruparea biților sub formă de tensiune, frecvențe radio sau pulsuri de lumină. Diferite organizații de standardizare au contribuit pentru a defini proprietățile fizice, electrice și mecanice ale mediului disponibil pentru comunicații de date diferite. Aceste specificații garantează faptul că cablurile și conectorii vor funcționa anticipat cu implementări ale layer-ului data link. Ca un exemplu, standardele pentru mediul de cupru sunt definite pentru: • Tipul cablării de cupru utilizată • Lățimea de bandă a comunicației • Tipul conectorilor utilizați • Pinout-ul și codurile de culoare ale conexiunilor la mediu • Distanța medie a mediului Figura arată diferite tipuri de interfețe și porturi disponibile pe un router 1941. Caracteristici ale Mediului din Cupru Rețelele folosesc mediul din cupru deoarece este mai ieftin, ușor de instalat și are rezistență scăzută la curentul electric. În orice caz, mediul de cupru este limitat de distanță și de interferența semnalului. Datele sunt transmise prin cabluri de cupru sub formă de pulsuri electrice. Un detector din interfața de rețea a unui echipament de destinație trebuie să primească un semnal care poate fi decodat cu succes pentru a se potrivi cu semnalul trimis. În orice caz, cu cât semnalul călătorește pe distanțe mai mari, cu atât mai mult se deteriorează într-un fenomen denumit atenuarea semnalului. Din acest motiv, mediul din cupru trebuie să urmeze limitările stricte cu privire la distanță așa cum se specifică de standardele de ghidare. Valorile tensiunii și sincronizarea pulsurilor electrice sunt și ele predispuse la interferența din două surse: • Interferența electromagnetică (EMI) sau Interferența Frecvențelor Radio (RFI) - Semnalele EMI și RFI pot distorsiona și corupe semnalele de date care sunt transmise prin mediu de cupru. Sursele potențiale de EMI și RFI includ unde radio și echipamente electromagnetice precum motoare și lumini fluorescente, așa cum se arată în figură. • Crosstalk - Crosstalk-ul este o disturbanță cauză de câmpurile electromagnetice și electrice ale unui semnal de pe un fir la semnalul dintr-un fir adiacent. În circuitele de telefonie, crosstalk-ul poate rezulta în auzul unei părți dintr-o altă conversație prin voce de la un circuit adiacent. Atunci când curentul electric trece printr-un fir, se realizează un câmp magnetic mic, circular în jurul firului care poate fi luat de un fir adiacent. Pentru a contracara efectele negative ale EMI și RFI, unele tipuri de cabluri din cupru sunt împachetate într-o folie metalică și necesită conexiune corespunzătoare de împământare. Pentru a contracara efectivele negative ale crosstalk-ului, unele tipuri de cabluri din cupru au perechi de fire din circuite opuse torsadate care anulează efectiv crosstalk-ul. Susceptibilitatea cablurilor de cupru la zgomotul electric poate fi limitat de: • Selectarea celui mai potrivit tip de cablu sau categorie pentru un anumit mediu de rețea. • Proiectarea unei infrastructuri de cablu pentru a evita sursele potențiale și cunoscute ale interferenței din structura clădirii. • Folosirea tehnicilor de cablare care includ gestiunea și terminarea corectă a cablurilor.

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