Which scenario best demonstrates how phonological rules differ cross-linguistically, despite phonetic similarity?

If a language does not permit codas, which phonological process is most likely applied when borrowing a word like "bank"?

Which phonological phenomenon best explains why the plural morpheme in “cats” is pronounced differently than in “dogs”?

Suppose you encounter a language where [t] and [d] never occur in the same environment. What hypothesis can you form?

If [s] and [ʃ] in a dialect are in complementary distribution, what does this imply about their phonemic status?

Which of the following best exemplifies neutralization in a phonological context?

What phonological principle explains the use of [ɾ] instead of [t] in “butter” in American English?

In Optimality Theory, which scenario best demonstrates the reranking of constraints across dialects?

If [p] and [b] occur in the same environment and change the meaning of a word, what is the correct analysis?

Which of the following is the most plausible argument for treating glides as both consonants and vowels?

How does the sonority sequencing principle explain why “bnick” is not a valid English word?

In a language where stress shifts affect vowel quality, what kind of phonological interaction is present?

Which process would best explain the phonological simplification from “probably” to [prɑbli]?

How does the syllable structure influence the likelihood of epenthesis in loanwords?

Which experimental approach would best test whether two sounds are distinct phonemes in a new language?

A 45-year-old right-handed stroke patient exhibits fluent but nonsensical speech and severe comprehension issues. As the attending neurologist, which area of the brain do you suspect is damaged?

You are developing a language therapy program for a multilingual left-handed person. MRI shows bilateral language activation. Which implication is MOST relevant to your therapy design?

A 9-year-old child who suffered a traumatic brain injury shows delayed speech development but has intact comprehension. Which brain region is most likely impaired?

A bilingual patient with Broca’s aphasia performs better in their second language than in their native tongue post-stroke. What does this suggest about second-language representation in the brain?

In a neurolinguistics experiment, PET scans show low glucose activity in the left temporal lobe while subjects listen to a podcast. What can you infer?

Designing a brain-based literacy program, you prioritize regions responsible for decoding and comprehension. Which two areas are your focus?

In an fMRI study, participants perform a verbal reasoning task. High activation is observed in the left frontal cortex. Which cognitive function is likely most involved?

A patient who can no longer integrate sensory information from different modalities (e.g., reading lips while hearing) likely has damage to which lobe?

During brain surgery, a surgeon stimulates the corpus callosum. The patient struggles with tasks requiring bilateral coordination. What conclusion can be drawn?

You are training teachers on brain-based language instruction. Which statement BEST reflects how lateralization influences classroom practice?

If a researcher disables the auditory cortex during a comprehension test, what outcome is MOST likely?

A new language-learning app claims to "stimulate the Broca's area" through tapping and swiping. As a neurolinguist, what critique is MOST valid?

A 22-year-old experiences a stroke affecting the posterior part of the left frontal lobe. Based on neurolinguistic principles, what symptom would MOST LIKELY occur?

In designing a neurolinguistic rehabilitation device, which principle must be observed to ensure effectiveness for expressive aphasia?

After split-brain surgery, a patient cannot name an object placed in the left hand. What explains this phenomenon?