Our home planet, Earth, is the- from the sun,

___largest planet in the solar system and the only known place where life can exist.

EARTH - derived from both English and German words

EARTH - derived from both English and German words and respectively, which simply mean

Earth is a rocky,

It has a solid and active surface with mountains, valleys, canyons, plains and more.

Earth is special because it is an

Earth's atmosphere is the____to keep the planet warm so living things can survive.

One year on Earth lasts

is considered to be the Earth's twin planet. It has a very similar size and mass with the Earth.

 Mars is about_____ the earth size

it has no water

its has no oxygen

is the thin gaseous layer that covers the lithosphere

how many layers are in the atmosphere

it is the lowest layer.

it protects the Earth from the Sun's harmful UV radiation

is the farthest layer.

protects the Earth from the impact of space debris through this layer

Colorful Southern and Auroras or Northern lights were created from charged particles that are affected by the Earth's magnetic field.

The set of all life forms on Earth

means “LIFE”

comprises the waters of Earth – lakes, oceans, rivers, seas, and glaciers.

means “WATER”

hydrologic cycle.

The lithosphere includes landforms, soils, and minerals.

means “GROUND”

refers to the solid mass of lithosphere. It is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more different minerals and other organic matter.

is the science that is concerned with the study of rocks.

Three Classifications of Rock

from a Latin word which means .

Types of Igneous Rocks

example of Igneous  rock

form from material that has accumulated on Earth’s surface.

The process by which this otherwise unconsolidated material becomes solidified into rock is variously referred to as

Three Main Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Examples of Sedimentary Rocks

is formed from the words “meta” (change) and” morph” (form).

is a process that produces fundamental change in the mineralogy and texture of the rock.

(parent rock) is an original rock prior to metamorphism. proto – first ; lith - rock

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

foliated examples

non foliated ex

metallic minerals

non – metallic minerals

For grass manufacturing ▪ As a gemstone, abrasive material, foundry work, in the petroleum industry, etc. ▪ As an essential component of cell phones, watches, clocks games console, television, navigational instruments, etc.

Component of many industrial and consumer products such as stainless steel, kitchen and laboratory sinks, magnets, batteries, electric guitar strings, plating material and microphone capsules

Muscovite, white mica, is used as electronic insulators in the high-power cable in aluminum plants, blast furnace, defense systems, stove, circuit breakers, etc.

As hardening alloy for steel ▪ Useful in construction and transportation industries ▪ As chemical intermediate and micronutrient in animal feeds and plant fertilizers ▪ As ingredient in coloring bricks and ceramics ▪ As alloys in copper and aluminum ▪ As chemical oxidizer and catalyst

Mixed with carbon to produce steel ▪ Component of metallurgical products such as magnets, high-frequency cores, car parts ▪ Manufacture of medicine, as tracer element in biochemical and metallurgical research ▪ Component of paints, printing inks, plastics, cosmetics, artist colors, laundry blue, etc.

As retarder in Portland cement ▪ As soil conditioner for agricultural lands ▪ In making plaster of Paris

Chief use is for jewelry ▪ Ideal for electronics and electrical appliances ▪ As thread in embroidery ▪ As alloy in photography and color stabilizer ▪ As alloy in restorative dentistry ▪ As reflective layer on high-end CDs

Commonly used in ceramic, pottery and glass industries ▪ As glazed in dinnerware, enamelware, bathroom and building tiles and flux to lower the temperature of other materials ▪ Component in soaps, abrasives, bond for abrasive wheels, cement, concretes, insulating materials, fertilizers, poultry grit, tarred roofing materials, and as sizing material in textiles and papers

As good conductor in all electrical wirings in building construction, power generation, and production of industrial machinery ▪ As component of all electronic products and appliances, heating and cooling systems, and telecommunication devices and gadgets ▪ Essential components in motors of vehicles, radiators, connectors, brakes, bearings of cars and trucks ▪ As alloy castings, electroplated protective coatings and undercoats for nickel, chromium, zinc, etc.

Used in the production of stainless steel to induce hardness and toughness, and chemical resistance ▪ Forms alloy with iron and nickel used in making heating units such as ovens and other appliances ▪ As components of chemicals used in tanning leather 

▪ As cement raw material in the construction industry ▪ As acid neutralizer in steel and glass industries ▪ As ingredient of antacids in pharmaceutical industry ▪ As feed additive in animal industry ▪ As reducer of coal dust in air ▪ As component of plants, cleaning and whitening agent and abrasive in toothpaste

For production of sulfur dioxide used in the paper industry ▪ For production of sulfuric acid used for various chemical purposes ▪ As raw material for the manufacture of fertilizers, animal feeds, cement, adhesive, slat blocks, explosives, glass, matches, etc. ▪ Used in sugar and petroleum refining, and soil amelioration ▪ Essential ingredient in skin treatment, ointment, bar soap, lotions, creams

the process that happened inside the earth

the energy in transit from higher temperature to a lower temperature

TWO CATEGORIES of the Internal Heat Sources of the Earth

the heat from accretion and bombardment of the Earth during the early stages of formation. The major contribution of this internal heat is the accretional energy deposited during the early formation of a planet.

the heat generated by long-term radioactive decay. This involves the disintegration of natural radioactive elements inside the Earth – like Potassium, Thorium and Uranium.

solid surface of the Earth

semi liquid part of the mantle

The movement of the mantle as heat is transferred from the core to the crust is called

HEAT TRANSFER

processes of Magmatism

is the process by which magma rises through the crust and crystallizes as an intrusive igneous rock beneath or within the Earth’s surface.

is the process of bringing up the magma.

two types of metamorphism rock

Metamorphic rocks came from an original rock known as

are any type of rock that undergoes physical and chemical changes in texture and mineralogy and this process is called metamorphism.