Explore requirements of brief; Research user & client needs; Research product needs; Process planning

Development of design specification, development of range of design ideas; Selection & justification of chosen design ideas; Presentation of chosen designs; Development of planning & engineering drawings; Manufacturing plan.

Design testing - physical, virtual modelling and prototyping; Error proofing; Design optimisation - proposing how the solution could be improved.

Justification of design decisions; Market testing; Product testing - virtual and physical processes; Evaluation of success of solution against design brief and design specification.

Situation and context that has led to the brief; needs of the client (corporate branding, target audience); purpose of the product; functions of the product.

Market research; strengths and weaknesses or competitors' products; improvements in materials; new manufacturing processes; budget.

Function; Features; Performance; Target group/intended users; Working environment; Limitations and constraints, size, weight, functional limitations; Appearance; Ergonomics; Lifecycle; Product maintenance; Product safety.

How much does it cost to manufacture

The first working model of a design used for testing, development and evaluation. Made before manufacture of a product, it allows the designer to test, work out size materials processes etc. before any money is spent on manufacturing. Allows changes to be made due to client/customer feedback, budget, manufacturing processes, aesthetics, material supply or testing.

A statement (set of instructions) given by the client to the designer on the the design problem the need to solve. Includes information about target market, limitations and constraints, the product, materials and manufacturing processes.

Focus groups, questionnaires, interviews, product analysis, market research, books, internet, client feedback, consumer trends and needs of target market. This is then used to inform the designs.

A plan that will include production budget, timeline, manufacturing processes, materials and components needed to create final product. It may also outline what methods and stages you will use as you progress through the design cycle e.g. customer surveys, analysing existing products, testing.

Describes or lists a product's required characteristics and all the processes, materials and other information needed to design the product. User needs, function, size, aesthetics, costs, materials and environmental concerns. A list of requirements that the product has to meet in order to be successful e.g. ACCESSFMM.

Initial sketches, 2D and 3D of ideas for the product; development of ideas and then final design idea. Methods used free hand sketches, isometric, oblique, orthographic and CAD (Computer Aided Design)

A list of what you need to manufacture (make) the product including time line, materials, sizes, components, manufacturing processes, quality control checks and health and safety requirements.

Means that a product is designed to be manufactured and assembled without errors. The design is produced in such a way that it cannot be misused or assembled incorrectly. This ensures safe use and easy assembly.

Test physically and virtually whether the design works, functions properly, is safe to use and is ready to be produced.

Review the product, check it against the design brief and specification, client/customer requirements.

The method by which the product will be produced: One off, batch, mass or just in time production.

A group of people who are the target market of a product whose opinions are sought.

Inspire, Design, Optimise, Validate

Gathering data and information about consumer needs and preferences.

Analysing the form and function of a product.

The group of people a product is made for.

In business, a client is a person or organisation that wants a product manufactured, e.g. a retailer.

Person responsible for designing and developing ideas for a product that could be developed into a prototype and eventually manufactured.

A mnemonic that designers use to help them analyse and create specifications for products. (Aesthetics, Cost, Customer, Environment: Working Environment & Environmental issues, Size, Safety, Function, Materials & Manufacturing Processes)

A personal comment based on the five senses describing the way a product looks, feels, sounds, tastes or smells.

The person who will use the product

The materials used in the product,

The manufacturing methods and processes used in making the product

How much does the product cost to manufacture or buy

Size of the product given in mm. (length, height, width, diameter)

How safe is the product. Consideration of safety regulations and legislation

The impact the product has on the environment (materials, design, manufacture, use). Life cycle analysis from extraction of raw materials, manufacture, transport, use and recycling.

Focus groups, surveys, needs of target market, consumer trends, existing products

What the client (customer) needs the product to do,. This will cover how it is used, the working environment it is used in.

A group of people who fit the target market criteria, who the designer will use to comment on designs

The amount of money allocated to spend on the project

The person or the company who give the Designer the Design Brief to solve

The customer or target market who will use the product

Outlines in an organised way what it is you're are making, components, sizes, materials, processes, tools and machines, time frames, quality control checks, health and safety

Massed produced products that are easily available and make it easy to manufacture, repair or recycle products.

The study of how people interact with the products or systems around them. Making a product fit for purpose and safe to use.

Making a series of groups of identical products. Each item in the batch passes through one stage of production before passing on to the next stage.

The person or company who commissions the designer to design the product..

Development of design specification; Development of a range of design ideas; Selection & justification of chosen design ideas; Presentation of chosen ideas; Development of planning & engineering drawings; Manufacturing plan.

The process a designer goes through to create a product (Identify, Design, Optimise, Evaluate).

Simplifying a product to make manufacturing and assembly easier and cheaper to do e.g. can the product be made in one piece instead of two.

Justification of design ideas; Market testing; Product testing - virtual & physical processes; Evaluation of success of solution against design brief and specification.

A movement that works to help people in developing countries get a fair deal (price) for the products that they produce and sell.

A resource of which there is only a limited quantity e.g. Fossil Fuels (gas, oil and coal) come from the earth once they are used up they cannot be replaced.

Describes how a product or system works and/or what it does.

Exploring the requirements of the design brief; Research user & client needs; Research product needs; Process planning.

Extraction of raw materials, manufacturing & transportation, product use, disassembly & recycling.

When products are manufactured on a large scale. Tooling costs may be higher but because of the large quantities manufactured the cost of manufacturing the product is cheaper.

Technologies that are new, currently being developed or that will be developed in the next 5-10 years.

Identify, Design, Optimise, Validate

When users want a product to be improved or redeveloped to meet their needs.

The place in which the product is used or normally functions.

Products which are designed so that they can be used by different people with different needs e.g. they are accessible for everyone to use.

Is described as the measurements of the human body. Anthropometric data provides us with the average sizes of the human body. Used to design products that we can use.

Aesthetics describes the way a product looks, smells, feels, tastes and sounds. It is a personal judgement made about the product in relation to one or more of the five senses. Looks, smell, taste, touch, sound

Something that becomes accepted or fashionable and that a lot of other people copy.

Is the values, beliefs, customs and behaviour used by groups and societies to interact with each other and the world.

Popular or the latest style of clothing, hair, decoration, product or behaviour.

Is the study of people in relation to their working environment. It involves adapting tools, machines and general working conditions to fit the individual so that people can work at maximum efficiency. Features of a product that can be ergonomically designed include: shape, texture, colour, weight and size.

Designs/product that set a new benchmark for others to follow. It is a ground breaking design in terms of its technology or manufacturing techniques. It is popular with consumers and copied by other designers.

Designing a product so that it can easily be manufactured, reduce parts and use standard components, processes and materials.

Design for Manufacturing Assembly

Designing a product so that it can be easily taken apart for maintenance, repair or recycling.

Materials or parts are delivered just before they are needed to manufacture the product. This saves money on storage, reduces waste and ensures there is no money wasted producing stock that will remain unsold. There are disadvantages to the system in that, if any part of the product cannot be sourced, client have to wait for their order to be produced.

The process of designing a product so that no errors can be made in manufacturing, assembling, disassembling or use of the product.

Just in time production

Single item, can be custom made specific to the customer requirements. Advantages: Craftsmanship and quality. Disadvantages: Workers need specialist skills, time consuming and expensive.

Small quantity of identical products made (10-1,000). Advantages: Lower cost than one-off, Jigs, moulds and templates used. Disadvantages: Machinery and cost, time, skill needed to make jigs.

Large quantities of products are made (10,000-100,000). Heavily automated, large product output, standardised. Advantages: Large quantities can be made at once, all products are identical, and automation reduces human error. Disadvantages: Cost in machining and tooling, machine breakages stop production.

One-off, Batch, Mass and Just in time production

Is the network of all the individuals, organisations, resources, activities and technology involved in the creation and sale of a product, from the delivery of source materials from the supplier to the manufacturer, through to its eventual delivery to the end user.

Refers to the particular name for the method of manufacturing number of products (How many products are made at one time).

Components which can be brought in already manufactured, they will be cheaper as they are mass produced and easily available.

The shape of material commercially available from a supplier e.g. timber comes in boards, planks, strips, mouldings and dowels.

Allows for variation which reduces the number of products that are wasted due to minor variations in dimensional accuracy.

Is a distinctive symbol or logo that contains the company name or slogan and cannot be copied. A 'TM' mark is normally placed alongside the symbol to show that it has been registered. Gives exclusive right to use your mark for the goods. Deters people using your trade mark without your permission. Makes it easier for you to take legal action against anyone who uses your trade mark without your permission.

That it meets the British Standards Institution (BSI) strict standards on product safety and quality. The product has been tested/checked against particular product standards/requirements and has met the British standards and is deemed safe to use.

That it is more profitable as consumers are willing to buy 'approved' products and will pay more for them.

They cover upholstered furniture and cushions, etc. to ensure that they don't catch fire easily and don't give off really toxic fumes when they burn.

Personal protective equipment e.g. goggles, face masks, gloves.

Designers and manufacturers have a legal responsibility to make sure their products don't harm people.

Shows that a product meets all regulations

Informs consumer about potential disposal of product

Carry out thorough product testing to ensure it operates safely

Choose materials carefully

Reduce numbers of small/dangerous parts that could come loose

Error Proof designs to prevent misuse

Operational test - check the volume of liquid/ice cube created

Strength test - subject the tray to an operational twist/bend load

Temperature test - ensure the ice cube tray can withstand freezing temperatures/changes in temperature.

Mini

iPod/iPad

Concorde

Jaguar e-type

Dyson Bag-less Vacuum Cleaner

Biro

Swiss Army Knife

Phone Box

Post-it note

Thermos Flask

Walkman

Lego

Zippo Lighter

Angle-poise lamp

Spitfire

Macintosh

It gives exclusive rights to the look/appearance/aesthetic of a physical object/product.

Protects the design's shape, pattern or colour. It protects the aesthetics of the design. The design is registered with the UK Intellectual Property Office and gives the designer rights for up to 25 years. The design is registered by a number.

A design must be must be new, it must be inventive, it must be able to be industrially made and it must be a physical product or process.

Where new technology or materials are developed and designers take the opportunity presented by this to design new products

Ground breaking design, in terms of it's technology or manufacturing techniques.

A design that stands the test of time, remaining popular despite the passing of years.

Often emulated /copied by other designers

The bag-less vacuum cleaner was invented by James Dyson in 1993.

It was designed by Jonathon Ives in 2007.

Energy required in extracting raw materials e.g. mining, drilling, farming

The energy required to manipulate the raw and refined materials into a product. Processing, refining and manipulating.

The energy that the product uses during its working life, or useful lifetime. How the product is used by the customer.

The last stage in the products life cycle. The energy used to recycle the product or dispose of any waste. What happens to the product when it becomes of no use.

The energy used in transporting the raw materials or product between the different stages of a product's life cycle

The energy used in disassembling a product into its relevant parts for recycling e.g. separating materials or reusable components

The energy used in recycling materials to be used in new products or as waste

The symbol is stamped on plastic products to identify the type of thermoplastic polymer for recycling purposes.

Describes materials that cannot be replaced - that are not sustainable e.g. fossil fuels like coal, gas and oil

Certifies that the timber comes from a supplier that follows sustainable management of forests e.g. for every tree cut down a sapling is planted. Any packaging with the FSC logo has been manufactured with sustainability and the environment in mind.

Indicates the manufacturers contributes to the cost of recycling in Europe. Found on packaging

Assesses the environmental impact of a product through different stages from extraction of raw materials to end of life of the product e.g. cradle to grave.

Energy required in extracting raw materials e.g. mining, drilling, farming

The energy required to manipulate the raw and refined materials into a product. Processing, refining and manipulating.

The last stage in the products life cycle. The energy used to recycle the product or dispose of any waste. What happens to the product when it becomes of no use.

The energy used in transporting the raw materials or product between the different stages of a product's life cycle

The energy used in disassembling a product into its relevant parts for recycling e.g. separating materials or reusable components

The energy that the product uses during its working life, or useful lifetime. How the product is used by the customer.

The energy used in recycling materials to be used in new products or as waste

Describes materials that can be easily replaced (grown) that will not run out e.g. sustainable timber (for every tree felled a new tree is planted)

It refers to where the product will normally be used. E.g. a kettle is used in a kitchen but specifically on a kitchen workbench.

Easily accessible components

The product can be easily disassembled

Use standard parts in their design that can be taken apart

Allow common tools to be used for disassembly

The product is made from recycled material and can be recycled

The products have been tested against particular product standards and have been found to meet the British standards and are deemed safe to use

Product is not suitable for children under the age of 3 years. This is shown with a red circle crossed through with the age specified.

A safety standard that allows the product to be sold within the Europe Union.

A product that contains flammable material

Contain the company name or slogan and cannot be copied

Protect the looks of the design from being copied

Certifies that the timber comes from a supplier that follows sustainable management of forests e.g. for every tree cut down a sapling is planted. Any packaging with the FSC logo has been manufactured with sustainability and the environment in mind.

Fairtrade a movement that works to help people in developing countries get a fair deal for the products that they produce. The Fairtrade mark is only used of products that are certified in accordance with the Fairtrade standards.

Represents the manufacturer's promise that the product confirms to all relevant safety regulations of the British Toy and Hobby Association's code of practice.

This label helps consumers understand how energy efficient a product is. The EU is committed to improving energy efficiency.

Identify, Design, Optimise and Validate

Brief, research and process planning

Specification, design and manufacturing plans

Model and prototype, error proofing

Test and evaluate

Initial design brief, information which may inform the design brief.

Client provides initial brief; discussion between client and designer; further research, final brief from which the design specification will be developed.

User needs; aesthetics; ergonomics; anthropometrics; benefits and features; product safety.

Market pull/technological push; Cultural and fashion trends; legislative design requirements; links to inspiration/iconic products; life cycle analysis; sustainable design; new and emerging technologies and materials, environmental pressures

The study of how people interact with the products and systems around them

Measurements that are taken from millions of people of different shapes and sizes

A new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace.

New technology or materials are developed and designers take the opportunity presented by this to design new products.

One-off; batch; mass

Making a single product to a customer specification

Making a series of groups of identical products

Making the same product on a large scale

Moulding; pressing, forming; material shaping; machining; finishing; assembly.

Recycling materials; reusing components; safe disposal of toxic and hazardous materials

British Standards (BS); European conformity (CE); Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE); Patents; Copyright.

Primary research (surveys, observations, interviews, questionnaires); secondary research (internet, books, videos)

Finish, aesthetics, suitability to meet user needs, materials used, durability, sustainability, life cycle, energy use, power sources.

Charts/diagrams/tables; digital evidence; sketches/annotations.

Manufacturer's maintenance instructions/manual; follow structural procedure for disassembly.

Screwdrivers, pliers, cutters, spanners, measuring equipment.

Components and their functions; assembly methods; materials, production methods, maintenance considerations

Standard and special e.g. nuts and bolts

Mounting and connections (joining parts together)

The type of finish you apply to a product e.g. Wood wax, metal polish, Wood Stain, paint.

How an object appeals to the five senses

Easy to open, to use; Fit for purpose.

Metals e.g. aluminium, steel. Polymers e.g. Acrylic, Hips; Woods e.g. Natural Timber - Pine, Oak, Beech; Manufactured Boards - MDF (Medium Density Fibreboard), Plywood. Card & Paper. Textiles. Composite materials e.g. laminated board. Smart Materials e.g. thermos-chromic paint. Modern materials e.g. Kevlar.

The ability of a material to last a long time without being damaged

Naturally replenished within a short period of time

Used to analyse a product's environmental impact during its different life stages (processes). Stage 1: Selection of raw material; Stage 2: Energy used in manufacturing Stage 3: Energy used during operation; Stage 4: Ease of disassembly; Stage 5: Recycling materials.

Batteries, power cables, solar power, mechanical (e.g. wind up raido) etc.

The use of energy in a product and its sustainability

Physical analysis of products; questioning and surveying users.

Internet and online sources; books; literature; manuals, images; drawings.

Freehand sketching in 2D and 3D; rendering using shade, tone and texture

Key features; functions; dimensions; materials; construction/manufacture methods; access to components; areas for further investigation.

Produce, modify and enrich design proposals (text, graphics)

3D engineering drawings; 2D engineering drawings.

Isometric, oblique, exploded views, assembly drawings.

3rd angle orthographic, scale, dimensions, materials, parts lists, sectioned, relevant notes and annotations.

A scaled 3D drawing with sides at an angle of 30 degrees

The front side of the object appears flat in the picture plane and the sides and top of the object are at a 45-degree angle to the horizontal lines of the front side

A picture that shows how the parts of a product fit together

A drawing that shows parts of an item when assembled.

A working drawing that shows each side of a design without perspective. Used to help manufacturers plan production. These drawings are to scale and must show dimensions.

The ratio of the size of a drawn object to the size of the object; e.g. 2:1 means half size

The size of parts; length, height, width, diameter.

What the product is made of; polymers (thermoset and thermoplastics), natural timbers (softwoods and hardwoods), metals (ferrous, non-ferrous and alloys), manufactured boards, composites and smart materials.

Table that identifies the products parts, amount, materials and finishes for each part required for the product

Dashed lines are used to show inside sections; hatched lines are used to show solid material in sections which have been cut away to show the detail.

Notes explaining about the product

Adding labels identifying and explaining the key features on a drawing

Draughting; 3D modelling; rendering; assemblies; animation.

Creating mechanical drawings

A 3D representation of a product often scaled down; CAD model google sketch up, solid works

Applying colour, shade and texture to a drawing to make it look more realistic

A drawing that shows how parts of products are assembled

Used to show how parts may go together to form the whole. The illusion of movement created by showing many static images in rapid sequence.

Display boards; models; PowerPoint.

Interpretation of a product specification; processes for making a prototype model; use of planning tools; resources when making a prototype; planning stages used in the making of a prototype.

Gantt chart; flow chart; tables.

Information is presented in a table and provides a graphical illustration of a schedule that helps to plan, coordinate, and track specific tasks in a project

A diagram that shows the order in which a series of commands or events is carried out.

Materials, component parts, cutting lists, tools/equipment, health and safety requirements/hazards, time requirements.

Processes testing, evaluation.

Personal Protective Equipment

Control of substances hazardous to health

Card, foam, foam board, plastics, metals, wood.

Marking out, cutting, including CAD/CAM applications, bending, wasting, moulding, rapid prototyping

For example using a pencil to mark out cutting lines on a piece of timber before cutting.

Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacture

Taking materials off materials e.g. cutting with a saw.

Shaping materials over moulds (formers) e.g. vacuum former, die casting.

Using additive production methods like 3D printing (fused filament fabrication), Stereo lithography or Laser sintering to make a prototype.

Jigs, formers, templates, patterns, moulds, adhesives, temporary and permanent fixings

Applied to the surface of materials, to glue and hold materials together e.g. PVA wood glue, epoxy resin

Fixing methods that can be taken apart e.g. nut and bolt, snap closures.

Fixings that cannot be taken apart e.g. welding

Note take, keeping a production diary, photography capturing different stages of production, recording problems, technical difficulties and solutions.

Comparison of prototype and production plan against product specification; potential improvements in design.

Features, function, materials, aesthetics, ergonomics, modelling and prototyping processes, alternative manufacturing techniques

Management of time and resources, planning and preparation; planning and preparation; precision and accuracy achieved in making processes; quality of outcome.

Punching - Material is wasted as three-dimensional forms are created by removing material from solid sheets or blocks by Punching

Drilling - Material is wasted as three-dimensional forms are created by removing material from solid sheets or blocks by Drilling

Abrading - Material is wasted as three-dimensional forms are created by removing material from solid sheets or blocks by Abrading

Milling - Material is wasted as three-dimensional forms are created by removing material from solid sheets or blocks by Milling

Turning - Material is wasted as three-dimensional forms are created by removing material from solid sheets or blocks by Turning

Shredding - Material is wasted as three-dimensional forms are created by removing material from solid sheets or blocks by Shredding

Etching - Material is wasted as three-dimensional forms are created by removing material from solid sheets or blocks by Etching

Material is wasted as three-dimensional forms are created by Sawing - removing material from solid sheets or blocks by Sawing

Involves changing the shape of a material without the gain or loss of material. Example: Casting

Involves changing the shape of a material without the gain or loss of material. Example: Metal bending and rolling

Involves changing the shape of a material without the gain or loss of material. Example: Vacuum forming

Involves changing the shape of a material without the gain or loss of material. Example: Yoke moulding

Involves changing the shape of a material without the gain or loss of material. Example: Line bending

The process of making three dimensional models by building up layers e.g. 3D printing. Simpler forms include gluing or laminating papers and boards; and soldering, welding and brazing metals.

Reduce, Refuse, Recycle, Repair, Rethink, Reuse

Making a decision to not buy or use products or materials which are not environmentally friendly

As a designer or consumer consider the materials, manufacturing processes, energy used and use of products so that they have a low environmental impact

You could reuse a product, pass it on to someone else, give to a charity shop,, recycle the components and use in another product

Reduce the materials, energy used, processing and packaging in products you design.

As a designer you need to consider how your product can be repaired, fixed and maintained easily. As a consumer you need to repair products instead of throwing away and replacing with a newer version.

It means that you should think how you can reuse materials and products, give them a second life, use them again and again.

The product is made from recycled material and can be recycled

The products have been tested against particular product standards and have been found to meet the British standards and are deemed safe to use

Product is not suitable for children under the age of 3 years

A safety standard that allows the product to be sold within the Europe Union.

A symbol that contains the company name or slogan and cannot be copied

Protect the looks of the design from being copied

Protects original authored works from being copied for lifetime

Shows consumers that some product/chemicals cannot be put in the bin and need to be disposed of by other ways.

Fairtrade a movement that works to help people in developing countries get a fair deal for the products that they produce. The Fairtrade mark is only used of products that are certified in accordance with the Fairtrade standards.

Represents the manufacturer's promise that the product confirms to all relevant safety regulations of the British Toy and Hobby Association's code of practice.

This label helps consumers understand how energy efficient a product is. The EU is committed to improving energy efficiency.

Used to remind people to put people to put their rubbish in the bin.

Brief, research and process planning

Specification, design and manufacturing plans

Model and prototype, error proofing

Test and evaluate

Initial design brief, information which may inform the design brief.

Client provides initial brief; discussion between client and designer; further research, final brief from which the design specification will be developed.

User needs; aesthetics; ergonomics; anthropometrics; benefits and features; product safety.

Function, features, performance, target group/intended users. Working environment, limitations and constraints, size, weight, functional limitations, appearance, ergonomics, lifecycle

Materials availability/supply chain; ease of manufacture; scale of production; durability and reliability; tolerances; product safety; sustainability; maintenance.

Standard components, pre-manufactured components, design for manufacturing assembly (DFMA); design for disassembly, manufacturing processes

Copyright; patents; registered designs; trademarks; British Standards; European Conformity (EC)

The study of how people interact with the products and systems around them

Measurements that are taken from millions of people of different shapes and sizes

A new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace.

Where new technology or materials are developed and designers take the opportunity presented by this to design new products.

The ability of a material to last a long time without being damaged

The permissive limits of variation in the dimensions or physical properties of a manufactured product or part

The measurement of the size, proportions, and range of motion of the human body.

What a product will do and how it will work

Distinguishing characteristics that make a product appealing to customers

Strength of a material when it is stretched or pulled

The resistance of a material to breaking under compression.

How well a substance (especially a metal) can withstand damage caused by oxidisation or other chemical reactions.

The ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.

Consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in obtaining raw materials or a product

Groups of parts that are preassembled and brought into a larger group of parts as a single unit

Components or sub-assemblies manufactured separately from the whole product, sometimes by an external supplier that are then assembled as the final product

Process where a product is designed for the efficient manufacture and assembly

Design so that used products can be easily taken apart for cleaning, maintenance or disposal

Consistency of measurement of a product/component to do its job

Amount of variation allowed in a given dimension

Tools, machinery, labour, overheads are all factors that affect the cost of production

British standards, European conformity, Copyright, Patents, Registered designs, Trademarks

When the need for a new product arises from consumer demand, which PULLS the development of the product

As a result of research and development (R&D) new technology is created that can lead to new products. Products are PUSHED into the market without demand

Often the first stage in the development process. Companies undertake research activities to innovate and support the introduction of new products

Identified as potential future customers based on research identifying trends and behaviours

A product of the intellect, such as an expressed idea or concept that has commercial value.

Products that generate excitement in users or other designers and may lead to the development of other products with similar aesthetics or features

Products that become extremely popular because of their aesthetics, function or sales. Usually are examples of excellent design

All stages of a products life, from raw material extraction to disposal

Site used to bury waste into the ground

The consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished

Reduce, reuse, recycle, refuse, rethink and repair.

Improving energy efficiency is a component of sustainable design

Materials that change in response to stimuli in the environment. Shape memory alloys, thermochromic, photochromic

Created through scientific exploration - titanium, graphene, nanomaterials

Development of new materials with different properties that can help solve problems or improve the performance of products

Ability of machines to modify their activity based on data or information they receive without the need for them to be programmed by humans

Fourth industrial revolution. Digitisation of manufacturing, with the focused on increased automation

Describes a system in which everyday objects are connected to the internet and in turn are able to communicate information throughout an interconnected system

Development of computer systems that can process information on its own without human intervention.

Ability to store and access data over the internet rather than storing locally

Factors causing change in the natural world as a result of human activity

Practise of designing and making products with a moral purpose, by considering the impact that they may have on the lives and wellbeing of those affected by its creation

A detailed description of the conditions, requirements and restrictions with which a design must comply. This is a precise and accurate list of facts, such as conditions, dimensions, materials, process and methods, that are important for the designer and for the user. All appropriate solutions will need to comply with the design specification

A written statement outlining the problem or design challenge including criteria and constraints.

Integration of a mechanism or device into a product or process that stops it being misused, prevents it being assembled in the wrong way or protects the user

Systematic set of processes, split into four phases that designers follow to ensure efficient and effective product development

Person, group of people or company that has commissioned the development of a new product

Person or people who will use the final product

Amount of money allocated by a client or company to develop a product

Group of people at whom the product being developed is aimed at

Place where a product will be used or situated

The study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of products and their work environment

A part or element of a larger assembly.

Shape of an object

The gathering of new information, called primary data, which has not been collected before. For example survey, experiments, questionnaires

Analysing and using information from previously conducted research projects. For example books, internet, magazines

Where all activities required to complete the development of a new product can be delivered on time and within budget

Detailed document that defines all the criteria required from a new product

Producing drawings quickly and often by hand in order to explore initial design ideas

The use of computers in the design of new products or components

How well a product appeals to the senses; something that is pleasing in appearance with respect to features such as shape, form colour, texture, symmetry and proportion

Stages through which raw materials go in order to be transformed into a product

Photorealistic computer generated images of products

Putting together components to make a completed product

An assembly drawing in which parts are moved out of position along an axis so that each individual part is visible.

A drawing that shows the geometry (shape) dimensions, tolerances, materials, and finishes of a component

Number of products to be produced to meet demand or by a certain production process one off, batch, mass production

Manufacture equipment needed to produce a component, such as cutting tools, dies, gauges, moulds or patterns

Tools used in manufacturing to ensure components are placed or held accurately so that the product can be replicated consistently

Cyclical process for improving the design of a product.

3D physical model of component or product that allows the designer, client or user to interact with it

Where a computer generated model or component or product is exposed to virtual conditions that represent real world scenarios to analyse how product or component reacts

Set of components that work together in a product to carry out a function

Design features integrated into a product to protect the user from harm in the event of a fault or misuse

Testing undertaken on actual, physical prototype to see how it reacts to real world conditions or forces

Testing undertaken on computer generated representations of components or products to how they react to real world forces

Unprocessed natural products used in production

When something is used or sourced to ensure it does not run out

Technique used to evaluate the impact of a product on the environment at all stages of its life, from its creation to the point of disposal

Stage in a products lifecycle when it is no longer useful and must be thrown away or recycled

Strategy that encourages a new product to be associated with a well-established company name. Can be used with any product that a business sells or a brand that represents the entire business.

The process of gaining information about customers, competitors and market trends through collecting primary and secondary data. Can be focus groups, surveys, cross sectional, longitudinal study or consumer trends

Materials made up of two more different materials, combining their properties to create a new improved product

The use of largely automatic equipment in a system of manufacturing or other production process rather than humans

How much a company wants to sell a product for when it is put on sale

The point where enough products have been sold to earn back development costs

Ensures the designer has a clear understanding of the requirements of the design brief

The collection of human measurement data used to inform designing products for the correct size e.g. the span of your hand will be used to determine where to place buttons on a remote control.

A comment describing the way a product looks, smells, feels, tastes or sounds (five senses)

Computer Aided Design. Using a computer programme e.g. 2D Design to design, google sketch up or SolidWorks.

Computer Aided Manufacture sending the CAD Design e.g. 2D Design to a laser cutter to cut out.

Computer numerical control e.g. laser cutter, CNC router/milling machines, 3D printers. The machines use X, Y and Z axis to determine where to work.

The situation (background information) that informs the design problem/design brief.

Specification, Design and Manufacturing Plan.

Designing products so that they can be easily taken apart for recycling of materials or replacing/repairing parts.

Designers have a responsibility to design with the environment in mind, considering use of materials, processes and life cycle of products.

Test and Evaluate.

A movement that works to help people in developing countries get a fair deal for the products that they produce.

Is questions a designer asks of the target market (potential customers) about their ideas/designs/prototypes to help the designer design/modify their ideas/prototype.

Fuel created from the remains of dead organisms over a long period of time; for example, coals, oil and gas.

Brief, Research and Planning.

An iconic design is usually a design that is 'ground breaking' and one that sets new standards in its field. It is a design that other designers and manufacturers follow, as it becomes a bench mark for other similar products.

The analysis of the stages a product goes through during it's life from extraction of raw products to recycling and end of life. Used to assess the energy used and environmental impact of a product through its life.

Making a single product to a customer specification. Production costs will be higher due to time spent on making one product and not multiples and machining and processes only being used once.

Materials whose properties change as a result of external stimuli such as heat or light or pressure e.g. Theromochromic, Hydrochromic

Common parts that are commercially available, mass produced in specified sizes e.g. nuts, bolts, screws. They are cheaper to buy and easy to use in assembly lines.

Means that it can be naturally replenished within a short period of time e.g. sustainable timber for each tree cut down one is planted

Makes it easier for you to take legal action against anyone who uses your trade mark without your permission. Deters people using your trade mark without your permission.

Text, music, films, computer generated works or drawings are protected from being copied. A designer applies and pays a fee for copyright and it protects the design from change or misuse for the designers lifetime plus seventy years.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health. COSHH regulations 2002 is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to health. COSSH assessment sheets cover tools, materials and processes in the workplace.

That it meets the British Standards Institution (BSI) strict standards on product safety and quality. The product has been tested/checked against particular product standards/requirements and has met the British standards and is deemed safe to use.

That the product meets the international standards of quality. The label ISO 9000 shows that a product is quality assured. The company will create their own ISO certification logo which is agreed with the ISO for use.

The process of detecting hazards and assessing associated risks that might cause harm to people and decide what reasonable steps you need to take to prevent that harm. COSHH regulations require that companies complete risk assessments.

The Health and Safety Executive is a UK government agency responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare, and for research into occupational risks in Great Britain.

Ensures that any claims made about a product (e.g. that is hard wearing) must be true.

State that nobody can put a product on the market unless it's safe.

It ensures that products perform as you would expect and that goods last a reasonable length of time.

Shows that a product meets safety standards

Shows that a product has been tested thoroughly

Alerts consumers to potential hazards

Temperature test - ensure the ice cube tray can withstand freezing temperatures/changes in temperature.

It has a legal protection granted by the country to the designer or inventor giving that person exclusive rights on his/her design so that no other person can copy it.

Where users want a product to be improved or redeveloped to meet their needs.

Definition: Where new technology or materials are developed and designers take the opportunity presented by this to design new products

They set a new benchmark for others to follow.

Often recognised immediately by consumers

So that they do not cause offence.

It was invented by Wester & Co in 1890.

Minerals and ores mined from the ground. It is a finite resource.

Trees are grown and felled. If new trees are planted to replace those felled it can be sustainable resource.

Oils and chemicals. It is a finite resource.

Plants, if they are replanted they are a sustainable resource.

A long, narrow-bladed saw used to cut ornamental work from thin wood

A glued end connection between two pieces of wood, using an interlocking pattern of deeply cut "fingers". The fingers create a large surface for the glue to bond, allowing it to develop to the full tensile strength of the wood that it connects.

One of the two pieces has a rebate cut into it and the other is left plain. This means half of the thickness is removed to form a lip.

A machine saw with a fine blade enabling it to cut curved lines in a sheet of wood, metal, or plastic.

Steel tool for shaping materials

A narrow-bladed saw for cutting decorative spiral lines or patterns.

A forest that consists of mainly coniferous trees such as fir, pine, and spruce. Approximately 66% of Canada's forest cover is made up of this.

Any tough, heavy timber with a compact texture; any deciduous tree (any tree that loses its leaves annually)

Woodworking tool used to mark a line at 90 degrees to the edge of the wood or finding "square".

Measuring. Inches and millimetres starting at 0

Pleasing in appearance.

A sketch oh which notes are made to provide further information.

A method of shared problem solving in which all members of a group spontaneously, and in an unrestrained discussion, generate ideas.

A limit to design process. Constraints may be such things

A person or household that purchases goods or services.

Desired specifications (elements or features) of a product or system.

A tool for systematically ranking alternatives according to a set of criteria.

An iterative decision-making process that produces plans by which resources are converted into products or systems that meet human needs and wants or solve problems.

A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints. The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution.

The factors (e.g., line, colour, light, shadow, space, texture) that define a product and take into account the aesthetics and function of the product.

A systematic problem-solving strategy, with criteria and constraints, used to develop many possible solutions to solve a problem or satisfy human needs and wants and to winnow (narrow) down the possible solutions to one final choice.

A person who designs any of a variety of things.

A measure in one direction.

A person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.

Design of the work environment to address the physical demands experienced by employees.

To form an idea of the amount or value of; assess.

The act of trying out a new procedure, idea, or activity.

Extremely rapid increase.

To observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry.

A pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept

Change to ensure accuracy.

An act, process, or methodology used to make a design or system as effective or functional as possible within the given criteria and constraints.

Finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal

Human activities used to create, invent, design, transform, produce, control, maintain, and use products or systems; A systematic sequence of actions that combines resources to produce an output.

A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments.

Describe the characteristics of the deliverable

Systematic, scientific, documented study.

A detailed description of the design and materials used to make something.

A method for data collection.

The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface, substance, or fabric.

An exchange of one thing in return for another especially relinquishment of one benefit or advantage for another regarded as more desirable

Formation of mental visual images.

Design stage - Detailed documents that sets out the material requirement, production setup, and process and timescales for making a product

Optimise stage - model of a component or a product created either in a software or physically that can be used to test or check the design