English Village for group A

Colonial Period Early colonial settlements were similar in that each developed near the coastline. EX) Jamestown (1607) Plymouth (1620) New England Colonies- the New England Colonies developed initially as religious outposts by various subjugated groups. Influenced by good harbors, abundant forests, rocky soil, and a short growing season. Geographic factors influenced the economy of New England by promoting the growth of trade and manufacturing. Developed villages with town-hall meetings. Had small farms and commercial fishing. American Indians were viewed by the Puritans as needing to be saved from their sinful ways since they were not Christians. In the early years of English colonization, Puritans did not openly embrace the American Indians but relied on them for help in the difficult early years for survival. As the English population increased, so did the conflict with natives of the area. A series of bloody wars (King Philip’s War and the Pequot Wars) during the colonial period between the Puritans and the American Indians of New England Southern Colonies- The climate (long growing season), rich soil, and deep rivers of the southeastern U.S. had a major impact on the history of the U.S. before 1860 because the region provided agricultural products that were processed in the North and in Europe. Developed plantations (large farms that used slave labor) because of fertile land and a long growing season. Relations with American Indians in the Southern Colonies began somewhat as a peaceful coexistence. As more English colonists began to arrive and encroach further into native lands, the relationship became more violent. Mid Atlantic (Middle Colonies)- were created from the previous Dutch New Netherland colony and had good harbors and river systems that shaped their development. The Hudson and Delaware Rivers provided highways to the interior of North America. Furs acquired from American Indians through trade for European goods were transported toward the coast along swift rivers. Later, the region’s farmers were able to use the rivers to ship wheat and other agricultural goods to markets in other colonies and Europe. The rivers also provided colonists access to manufactured goods imported from European markets. Harbors in cities such as Philadelphia and New York City allowed the Mid-Atlantic Colonies to grow into major commercial hubs for all of England’s American colonies. Ship building was common in the mid Atlantic colonies. The natives (American Indians) who resided there were typically relied upon for trade with the English and not the target of war, as was often the case in the other English colonial regions. Pennsylvania, in particular, treated the American Indians with more respect as evidenced by William Penn’s insistence on compensating the natives for their lan

Alright, Isti — here’s a longer and more detailed English version of the Isaac Newton text, still written at a level that’s accessible for Grade 4 students, but rich enough in information to meet PISA literacy expectations and EF A2-level vocabulary. I’ve kept sentences short, clear, and with explanations for new concepts so it’s easier for young learners to follow, while still including both famous facts and lesser-known stories. ⸻ Isaac Newton: The Man Who Changed the Way We See the World A Boy from a Small Village Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, a small village in England. His life was not easy. His father died before he was born. When he was just a few months old, his mother remarried and left him to live with his grandmother. Isaac missed his parents, but he kept himself busy by making things and exploring the world around him. As a child, Isaac liked to build models and machines. He made a small windmill that could turn with the wind. He built a water clock that told the time by dripping water into a container. He even made a sundial — a clock that tells the time by using the shadow of the sun. 💡 Did you know? The sundial marks that Isaac carved as a boy can still be seen today on the wall of his old house. ⸻ School and Curiosity When Newton first went to school, he was not the top student. At first, he did not pay much attention in class. But one day, another boy teased him for not being smart. Newton decided to study hard to prove him wrong. Soon, he became the best in his class. Isaac loved asking questions. He wanted to know how and why things happened. He enjoyed watching the stars at night and thinking about how the world worked. ⸻ The Falling Apple and Gravity One of the most famous stories about Newton is the falling apple. One afternoon, Isaac sat in his mother’s garden and saw an apple drop from a tree. This made him think: “Why does the apple fall straight down? Why doesn’t it fly up into the sky?” From this question, Newton began to think about gravity — an invisible force that pulls objects toward each other. Gravity is what keeps our feet on the ground. It’s also what keeps the Moon moving around the Earth and the planets moving around the Sun. 💡 Fun fact: The apple did not hit Newton’s head. That’s just a story people made up later to make the tale more exciting. ⸻ Newton’s Three Laws of Motion Newton studied movement and wrote three important rules: 1. Objects stay still or keep moving unless something makes them change. • Example: A ball will not roll unless you push it. 2. The bigger the push, the bigger the movement. • Example: If you kick a ball harder, it will go faster and farther. 3. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. • Example: When you jump off a boat, the boat moves backward as you move forward. These three laws are still used today to understand how cars, rockets, and even roller coasters work. ⸻ Discoveries in Light and Color Newton also studied light. He found that white light is not just one color — it is made of many colors. He used a glass prism to split sunlight into a rainbow. This helped scientists understand how colors work. ⸻ Inventions and New Ideas Newton made a special telescope that used mirrors instead of lenses. This type of telescope made images of planets and stars much clearer. It is still called the Newtonian telescope today. He also worked in mathematics and helped create a new type of math called calculus, which is used to study changes and movement. ⸻ Strange Experiments Newton was so curious that he sometimes tested ideas on himself. Once, he put a thin needle, called a bodkin, beside his eye to see how it would change his vision. It was very dangerous, but luckily he did not go blind. 💡 Did you know? Newton also studied alchemy — an old kind of science where people tried to turn metal into gold. He never succeeded, but it showed how wide his interests were. ⸻ Later Life and Work At the age of 27, Newton became a professor at Cambridge University. He later worked for the Royal Mint, making sure coins were made safely and stopping people from making fake money. He was very strict, and some criminals were sent to prison because of his work. Newton never married. He spent most of his life reading, writing, and doing experiments. ⸻ The End of His Life Isaac Newton died in 1727 at the age of 84. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, a famous place in London where great people of Britain are honored. His work changed the world forever. Even today, scientists, engineers, and students still use Newton’s laws and ideas. 💬 Newton once said: “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” This means we can make new discoveries by learning from the work of others who came before us. give 10 questions to each passage with PISA literacy standard for kid 10 years, 1. Nikola Tesla: The Man Who Dreamed of Lightning Born: July 10, 1856 Died: January 7, 1943 When Nikola Tesla was a boy in Croatia, he saw a flash of lightning and asked his mother, “Can we catch the light?” That question never left him. As he grew older, Tesla became a brilliant inventor, especially fascinated by electricity. He believed in a future where energy could be sent wirelessly through the air—like music through the radio! Tesla invented the alternating current (AC) system, which became the foundation of modern electricity. At the time, Thomas Edison promoted direct current (DC), and the two men had a fierce competition. Many laughed at Tesla's bold ideas, but he never gave up. He dreamed of wireless communication, flying machines, and even free energy for everyone. Though he died alone and poor, today the world honors his vision. Think About It: Why do you think people didn’t believe Tesla at first? What can we learn from Tesla’s courage to dream big? 2. Charles Darwin: The Man Who Studied the World’s Weirdest Creatures Born: February 12, 1809 Died: April 19, 1882 When young Charles Darwin got on a ship called HMS Beagle, he didn’t know he would change science forever. He sailed around the world for five years, collecting plants, animals, and fossils. On the Galápagos Islands, he noticed something curious: finches had different beaks depending on their island. Why? Darwin’s observations led him to write the theory of evolution by natural selection. It explained how animals adapt and survive. But his ideas shocked many people because they seemed to challenge religious beliefs. Despite the controversy, Darwin continued his work. His book On the Origin of Species changed how we see life on Earth. Think About It: Should scientists share their ideas even if they go against what others believe? How did traveling help Darwin make new discoveries? 3. Marie Curie: The Woman Who Glowed in the Dark Born: November 7, 1867 Died: July 4, 1934 Marie Curie was born in Poland at a time when girls were not allowed to study science. But that didn’t stop her. She moved to France, worked day and night, and discovered radioactivity, a powerful energy hidden inside atoms. She and her husband, Pierre Curie, found two new elements: polonium and radium. She became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the only person to win in two different sciences: physics and chemistry. Even when Pierre died in an accident, Marie continued their work. Her discoveries helped doctors treat cancer—but working with radioactive materials also harmed her health. She died from radiation exposure, but her legacy lives on. Think About It: What challenges did Marie Curie face as a woman in science? Why is it important to balance discovery with safety? 4. Galileo Galilei: The Star Watcher Who Defied the Church Born: February 15, 1564 Died: January 8, 1642 Galileo loved looking at the stars. He built one of the first powerful telescopes and made stunning discoveries: mountains on the Moon, moons around Jupiter, and that the Earth orbits the Sun—not the other way around. This idea, called heliocentrism, went against the teachings of the Church. He was put on trial and forced to say he was wrong. But he wasn’t. He spent his last years under house arrest, quietly writing. Today, Galileo is called the father of modern science for daring to question what others blindly believed. Think About It: Why do you think Galileo was punished for telling the truth? Should science always follow evidence, even if it goes against powerful beliefs? 5. Isaac Newton: The Man Who Asked “Why?” When an Apple Fell Born: January 4, 1643 Died: March 31, 1727 One day, an apple fell from a tree, and Isaac Newton began to wonder: Why did it fall down, not sideways or up? This simple question led to his theory of gravity. Newton also invented calculus, described the laws of motion, and changed physics forever. But Newton wasn’t just a genius—he was curious, quiet, and often worked alone. He believed everything in nature followed rules, and it was our job to discover them. Thanks to him, we understand how planets move, how rockets launch, and why you fall when you trip. Think About It: How did Newton’s curiosity lead to great discoveries? Do you think working alone helped or hurt Newton? 6. Ada Lovelace: The First Computer Programmer Before Computers Existed Born: December 10, 1815 Died: November 27, 1852 Ada Lovelace was the daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron, but she didn’t love poetry—she loved numbers! At a time when girls were expected to sew, Ada studied mathematics. She met Charles Babbage, who designed an early computer called the Analytical Engine. Ada imagined the machine could do more than just math—it could create music, art, and even write! She wrote what is now considered the first computer program, long before real computers were built. Think About It: How did Ada imagine something that didn’t exist yet? Why do we call her a pioneer in technology? 7. Albert Einstein: The Man Who Brought Time and Space Together Born: March 14, 1879 Died: April 18, 1955 Albert Einstein wasn’t always a good student. In fact, his teachers thought he was slow. But Einstein thought deeply. He asked big questions like, “What if you could ride a beam of light?” His theories of relativity changed how we see space, time, and gravity. He also warned the world about the dangers of nuclear weapons, even though his ideas helped create them. Einstein believed science should help people, not harm them. With his messy hair, kind smile, and brilliant mind, he remains a symbol of genius. Think About It: Can someone be bad in school but still be brilliant? Should scientists be responsible for how their inventions are used? 8. Pythagoras: The Musician Who Loved Math Born: Around 570 BC Died: Around 495 BC Long ago in ancient Greece, Pythagoras believed the universe followed numbers. He discovered the Pythagorean Theorem, a rule about triangles that helps us build houses, design computers, and navigate space. He also believed that music had math inside it—that certain notes made perfect harmony because of mathematical ratios. Pythagoras started a secret school and taught his students to search for truth through numbers, shapes, and sound. Think About It: Why do you think Pythagoras saw math in everything? How does music relate to math? 9. Rosalind Franklin: The Woman Behind the DNA Discovery Born: July 25, 1920 Died: April 16, 1958 Rosalind Franklin loved looking closely at things. She used a special machine called X-ray crystallography to photograph molecules. One of her greatest photos, called Photo 51, showed the shape of DNA, the molecule that carries life’s instructions. But her work was taken without credit. Two men, Watson and Crick, used her photo to build their famous model of DNA and won the Nobel Prize. Rosalind died young and never knew how important her work became. Think About It: Why is it important to give credit in science? What can we learn from Rosalind’s quiet strength? 10. Carl Linnaeus: The Man Who Gave Names to Everything Born: May 23, 1707 Died: January 10, 1778 Have you ever wondered why a tiger is called Panthera tigris? That’s thanks to Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish scientist who created a way to name and organize every living thing. His system is still used today in biology. Linnaeus loved nature and spent his life collecting plants, animals, and even rocks. He believed that by organizing life, we could better understand it. Thanks to him, we now have a global “dictionary of nature.” Think About It: Why is it important to name and organize living things? How does order help us understand the world?

“SI HENRY AT ANG DUWENDE” 1. Kakahuyan Kahulugan: Ang kakahuyan ay isang lugar na kung saan tanging mga punong-kahoy ang nakatanim. Halimbawa: Hinanahap ni Aling Nena si Jolina ngunit patuloy siyang nagtatago sa kakahuyan. English word: Gubat Describe: Ang kakahuyan ay isang lugar na puno ng tanim na kahoy kung kaya’t umaamapaw ang berdeng kulay. 2. Lagaslas Kahulugan: Ang salitang lagaslas ay tumutukoy sa mabigat na daloy ng agos ng tubig mula sa ilog Halimbawa: Ang tunog ng lagaslas ng tubig sa talon ay nakakatakot. English word: Swift flow Describe: Ang lagaslas ay ang pag-agos ng tubig pababa. 3. Dumadaloy Kahulugan: Ang salitang dumadaloy ay nangangahulugang umaagos Halimbawa: May dugong bughaw ang dumadaloy sa kanyang ugat. English word: Flow Describe: Ang daloy ay naglalarawan sa agos ng partikular na bagay. 4. Batis Kahulugan: Ang tubig sa batis ay karaniwang malinis at malamig na madalas matatagpuan sa gitna ng mga kakahuyan sa gubat. Halimbawa: Ang batis ng Encantadora ay matatagpuan sa Vintar, Ilocos Norte. English word: Falls Describe: Ang batis ay isang uri ng anyong tubig na may patuloy na agos sa pinanggalingan nito. 5. Tinig Kahulugan: Ang tinig ay ang tunog na lumalabas sa bibig ng isang tao kapag siya ay nagsasalita, kumakanta, o nagpapahayag ng mga ideya, damdamin, o opinyon sa pamamagitan ng pagsasalita o pagsulat. Halimbawa: Noong siya ay kumanta ay sobra akong namangha sa kanyang tinig. English word: voice Describe: 6.Napalundag Kahulugan: Ang salitang napalundag ay ang biglaan at hindi sinasadyang pag-angat o pagtalon ng katawan mula sa ibabaw dahil sa gulat, takot, o hindi inaasahang pangyayari. Halimbawa:Napalundag si Claire dahil may nakita siyang ahas sa kanilang banyo. English word: jump Describe: Ang napalundag ay nangangahulugang hindi sinasadyang pagkagulat. 7. Matutulis Kahulugan: may matalas na dulo o gilid na hugis tumpok, maaaring magdulot ng sugat kung hindi maingat. Halimbawa: Matulis ang kutsilyong ginamit ni Christine sa paghiwa ng sibuyas. English word: Sharp Describe: Ang matulis ay tumutukoy sa pagiging matalas. 8. Tinutungtungan Kahulugan: Ang tinutungtungan ay tumutukoy sa lugar na kung saan sila nakatayo o nakapuwesto. Halimbawa: “Nakatira kami riyan sa kakahuyang nasa likod ng nga batong tinutungtungan natin.” English word: stepped on Describe: Ito ay nangangahulugang inaapakan or kinalalagyan sa ilalim. 9. Makinang Kahulugan: Ang kahulugan ng salitang makinang ay makintab, maningning, makislap at maliwanag. Halimbawa: Kumikinang ang suot niyang singsing. English word: Shiny Describe: Ang makinang ay naglalarawan sa isang bagay na gawa sa ginto na kung saan kapag ginalaw ay nakapagbibigay ng ilaw. 10. Nasinagan Kahulugan: Ang kahulugan ng nasinag ay nabanaag, nakita, o napagmasadan. Halimbawa: Nasisinagan ng araw si Mary kaya’t siya ay napilitang bumangon. English word:shined Describe: Ang nasinagan ay tumutukoy sa bagay na natatamaan ng init mula sa raw. 11. Nayon Kahulugan: isang maliit na pamayanan sa probinsya o malayo sa lungsod, kung saan namumuhay nang payak ang mga tao, magkakakilala, at malapit sa kalikasan. Halimbawa: Bagong lipat sina Henry sa Nayon ng Maginhawa. English word: Village Describe: Ang Nayon ay isang lugar na malapit sa bundok. 12. malawak Kahulugan: Ang malawak ay tumutukoy sa isang bagay, espasyo, o konsepto na may malaking sukat, kaluwagan, o kapasidad. Halimbawa: Malawak ang kuwarto ni Maria kung kaya’t kasya ang tatlong katao. English word: wide Describe: Ang salitang malawak ay tumutukoy sa laki ng isang lugar. 13. duwende Kahulugan: Ang duwende ay mga maliit na nilalang na kadalasang nasa mga lugar na maraming puno at ang kanilang tirahan ay tinatawag na nuno. Halimbawa: Sabi-sabing mayroong duwendeng nakatira sa kakahuyan. English word: elf Describe: Ang duwende ay isang maliit na nilalang at may malalaking tainga. 14. nanaig Kahulugan: Ang salitang nanaig ay nangangahulugang ang isang bagay ay nanalo kumpara sa isang bagay. Halimbawa: Nanaig ang kuryosidad ni Henry sa kanyang nakita. English word: Reign Describe: Ang salitang nanaig ay katumbas ng pagkapanalo o tagumpay. 15. masaklap Kahulugan: Ito ay tumutukoy sa isang sitwasyon, karanasan, o bagay na mahirap tanggapin, labis na hindi kaaya-aya, at nagdudulot ng matinding sakit, pighati, o hinanakit dahil sa pagiging malupit. Halimbawa: Nakarating ang masaklap na balita kay Nena tungkol sa pagkamatay ng kaniyang alagang pusa. English word: terrible Describe: Ang masaklap ay nangangahulugang pagkalungkot.

Rich vocabulary associated with a village

english grammar

English

110.31.b.17.C

Topic: Reading/Vocabulary Development

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