Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.
... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor ....
-Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws
In this passage, Montesquieu is making reference to