The oceans all have currents path that a body of water follows

96.5% Water rest=salt

2 hydrogen atoms(+), 1 oxygen atom(-)

The movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface

oxygen-rich water sinks where surface currents come together

Areas where continental surfaces extend under the shallow ocean water around the continents

an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water

The region of downwelling near Western Europe

*Trade winds weaken & warm surface water moves toward South America. Diminished fisheries off South America, drought in western Pacific, increased precipitation in southwestern North America, fewer Atlantic hurricanes*

(oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time to Indonesia (switches from going west to east) I to P, shift gets warmer and wet (2 to 8 years)

During the second half of the 20th century, La Nina occurred 23% of the time.

1. intertidal--high and low tides (controlled by the moon/gravitational), 2. benthic--ocean floor, 3. pelagic--ocean water (divided into neritic and oceanic provinces)

The periodic rise and fall of the level of water in the ocean

where a river meets an ocean, mixing salt and fresh water

$39 billion to build, flooded 22 cities

-population growth

the removal of salt (especially from sea water)

A process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points

A desalinization process that involves forcing salt-water through a membrane permeable to water but not to salt

70%

the practice of using small pipes that slowly drip water just above ground to conserve water to use for crops, (ex. Israel)

uses high water

a method of landscaping that uses plants that are well adapted to the local area and are drought resistant.

Water that has been used for cooking, laundry, bathing, or similar tasks

involves running pipes from rooftops and digging channels to catch rainwater

Dry climate; 3 river basins (Tigris/Euphrates, Nile, Jordan); population is expected to double in the next 25 years but there are already shortages; plans to build dams and divert rivers

Any physical or chemical change in surface water or groundwater that can harm living organisms or make water unfit for certain uses.

pollution that comes from a specific site

water pollution that does not have a specific point of origin

a place where "used" water is treated before being returned to a stream or lake. *

The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as the Pacific trash vortex, is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean discovered between 1985 and 1988.

Huge circular moving current systems dominate the surfaces of the oceans.

A relatively small and simple sewage treatment system, made up of a septic tank and a leach field, often used for homes in rural areas

when physically treated sewage water is passed into a settling tank, where suspended solids settle out as sludge; chemically treated polymers may be added to help the suspended solids separate and settle out.

the biological treatment of wastewater in order to continue to remove biodegradable waste.

air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog

a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun

the ozone acts as a sunscreen for the earth's inhabitants

smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.

-Home to seven of the most air-polluted cities

human mace airborne chemicals

human-made compounds made from hydrocarbons with added chlorine, bromine, or fluorine

A family of organic compounds whose properties make them ideal for use in refrigeration and air-conditioning.

forming every spring over antarctica

meeting in 1987 where a group of nations met in Canada and agreed to take steps to fight against Ozone Depletion-CFC's banned

release of sulfur by burning of fossil fuels

The wet or dry deposition on land of a wide variety of pollutants, including mercury, nitrates, organochlorines, and others.

fire to rain to mudslides

(snow) lighter reflects heat in sun

an agreement that preserves Antarctica for peaceful and scientific use

low pressure systems

when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH

A phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white.

an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings

economic cost of damages resulting from each ton of carbon dioxide we emit

group created in 1988 by the UN and the World Meteorological Organization, consisting of over 3,000 scientists from the around the world working together to assess climate change

the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something FO

the total carbon dioxide emissions produced by an individual, group, or location

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide produced by business processes and systems

Use solar, renewable energies that can be re-powered of what is around

The process of capturing waste CO2, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally underground.

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

A policy that charges emitters of the waste products that cause climate change for the cost of their pollution, either by a monetary tax on the volume of emissions or the revocation of permits to operate.

governments charge polluters a fee for each unit of greenhouse gases they emit

A program of carbon taxes in which proceeds from the taxes are paid to consumers as a tax refund or dividend. This way, if polluters pass their costs along to consumers, consumers will not lose money.

no net transfer of revenue from taxpayers to the government

Programs that limit (cap) carbon emissions, and lower the limit over time, as well as providing economic incentives for companies to find innovative ways to remain below their carbon cap.

a set of strategies intended to guide efforts for climate change mitigation (Obama)

(1992) many nations signed to use a voluntary approach to reduce greenhouse gas emission (failed=emissions kept rising)

(2005) controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries

made many strong commitments, was successful

cooling the climate by removing CO2 from the air or reflecting sunlight away from earthmethods to control global warming are criticized because ____.

energy returned on investment

The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas.

the forcing open of fissures in subterranean rocks by introducing liquid at high pressure, especially to extract oil or gas.

gas that comes directly from a source rock (organic shale)

the usable amount of high-quality energy available from a given quantity of an energy resource.

energy returned/energy invested

petroleum that has not been processed