1. How did innovations such as irrigation, aqueducts, and improved farm techniques transform civilizations?

Legalism: belief that leaders should rule with force Confucianism: The ruler bears responsibility for the well-being of the people and, therefore, for peace and order in the empire.

Hammurabi was the King of Babylon from 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE. Hammurabi wrote The Code of Hammurabi, the oldest set of laws known to exist, which was made up of 282 laws. The code was carved in stone for all to see and read. Facts about The Code of Hammurabi: The was the first written code- people could see it. This increased people’s ability to read. The code treated women fairly. The harsh punishments made civilizations safer. The code reinforced class structure- punishments were different for the different classes. Based on the above information, how did Hammurabi help to transform society?

As restrictions and prohibitions are multiplied in the Empire, the people grow poorer and poorer. When the people are subjected to overmuch government, the land is thrown into confusion...The greater the number of laws and enactments, the more thieves and robbers there will be. Therefore the Sage says: “So long as I do nothing, the people will work out their own reformation. So long as I love the calm, the people will right themselves. If only I keep from meddling, the people will grow rich. If only I am free from desire, the people will come naturally back to simplicity.” -The Sayings of Lao-Tzu: Government Courtesy of the Internet Sacred Text Archive What were Lao-Tzu’s views on government?

The Chinese civilization began along the Yellow River basin around 1700 BCE and soon spread along other rivers in China. Yellow River floods enriched the surrounding soils, allowing farmers to produce surplus crops and domesticate animals. Yellow River floods often destroyed early settlements and ruined crop production for years. How did geography affect the development of Chinese civilization?

All south from this is named the Middle Kingdom...The people...have not to...attend any magistrates and their rules; only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay (a portion of) the grain from it...The king governs without...corporal punishments. Criminals are simply fined, lightly, or heavily, according to the circumstances (of each case). A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms by Faxian, translated by James Legge, 1886 But in Crete...all the fruits of the earth, of cattle, of the public revenues...one portion is assigned to the gods and to the service of the state, and another to the common meals, so that men, women, and children are all supported out of a common stock. The Politics of Aristotle, translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1885 Based on the excerpts, how did the responsibilities of citizens in the Middle Kingdom compare to those citizens of Crete?

Hail to thee, O Nile? Who...comes to give life to Egypt!...Watering the orchards created by Re, to cause all the cattle to live, you give the earth to drink, inexhaustible one!...Lord of the fish, during the inundation, no bird alights on the crops. You create the grain, you bring forth the barley, assuring perpetuity to the temples. If you cease your toil and your work, then all that exists is in anguish. If the gods suffer in heaven, then the faces of men waste away. “Hymn to the Nile” by Ennana c.2100 BCE, translated by Paul Guieysse, 1889 Which values of ancient Egyptian civilization are reflected in “Hymn to the Nile”?

[Baghdad straddled] the banks of the [River] Tigris...The water exists, both on the north and the south, were, like the city gates, guarded night and day by relays of soldiers stationed in the watch towers on both sides of the river. Every household was plentifully supplied with water “at all seasons” by the numerous aqueducts which intersected the town… A Short History of the Saracens, by Syed Ameer Ali, 1899 Based on the excerpt, how did the city’s location on a river influence its development?

A single population of modern humans migrated from southern Siberia...and crossed over to the Americas 16,500 years ago...Sites all around the country...now provide more promising indications that the earliest Americans spread throughout the continent at least 14,500 years ago. Currently, the oldest claim for human settlement in the Americas lies at the Topper Site in South Carolina, dating back to about 15,000 years ago. “Other Migration Theories” Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, National Park Service Based on the text, how did the migration of the first people in America affect the region?

Ancient Roman Cultural Achievements: Roman architectural styles are found throughout the world. Roman law is the basis for legal practice in Europe, former European Colonies, and Latin America. Roman roads, called the greatest engineering accomplishment of their time, are still used in some places today Roman art was the inspiration for many works during the Renaissance period. Which statement is consistent with the cultural influence of Ancient Rome on other civilizations?

How did geographic features influence the diffusion and settlement of both the Phoenician and Greek traders?

The epilogue of justice which Hammurabi, the wise king, established; a righteous law, and pious statute did he teach the land… the decisions which have made him will this inscription show him; let him rule his subjects accordingly, speak justice to them, give right decisions, root out the miscreants and criminals from this land, and grant prosperity to his subjects. Hammurabi, the king of righteousness, on whom Shamash has conferred right (or law) am I. My words are well considered; my deeds are not equaled; to bring low those that were high; to humble the proud, to expel insolence. Code of Hammurabi, Epilogue How did implementation of codified laws such as the Code of Hammurabi affect the people of ancient societies?

Which geographic features determined the location of the early civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India?

How did Pericles influence the functioning of Athenian government?