What is a circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise?

What is the fallacy that appeals to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation?

What is the fallacy where you presume that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other?

What is the fallacy where you assert that if we allow A to happen, the Z will consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen?

What is the fallacy making what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms flaws of an argument?

Presuming that because a claim as been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that it is necessarily wrong?

Avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - answering criticism with criticism?

Cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument, or finding a pattern to fit a presumption?

Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can't be answered without appearing guilty.

Saying that because one finds something difficult to understand that it's therefore not true.

Using the opinion or position or position of an authority figure, or institution of authority in place of an actual argument