Fill in the blank examples of to be in English

Environmental Protection — Vocabulary Quiz (B1+) 🧠 1. What does “renewable energy” mean? a) Energy that never runs out and comes from nature 🌞 b) Energy that comes only from coal and oil c) Energy that can’t be used again d) Energy made from plastic ✅ Correct answer: a) Energy that never runs out and comes from nature 🌞 🧃 2. What are “single-use plastics”? a) Plastics that can be recycled many times b) Plastics used once and then thrown away 🚯 c) Plastics that last forever d) Plastics used only for energy production ✅ Correct answer: b) Plastics used once and then thrown away 🚯 🗑️ 3. What is “waste”? a) Things we eat b) Things we throw away because we don’t need them ♻️ c) Energy from the sun d) Clean water and air ✅ Correct answer: b) Things we throw away because we don’t need them ♻️ 🌱 4. What does “reduce” mean in the context of environmental protection? a) To use more of something b) To make or use less of something 🔽 c) To destroy nature d) To create pollution ✅ Correct answer: b) To make or use less of something 🔽 ♻️ 5. What does “recycle” mean? a) To use materials again instead of throwing them away b) To burn plastic waste c) To stop using energy d) To clean streets ✅ Correct answer: a) To use materials again instead of throwing them away 💬 6. Choose the correct sentence: a) We should recycle waste to protect the environment. ✅ b) We should throw away all plastic bottles. c) Renewable energy is bad for nature. d) We need more single-use plastics in our cities. ✅ Correct answer: a) We should recycle waste to protect the environment. 🌿 7. Fill in the blank: We can ______ pollution if we use public transport and save electricity. a) recycle b) reduce c) waste d) throw ✅ Correct answer: b) reduce 💡 8. True or False: “Solar and wind power are examples of renewable energy.” ✅ Answer: True ☀️💨 🏆 9. Which of these actions helps protect the environment the most? a) Using renewable energy b) Buying single-use plastics c) Producing more waste d) Throwing rubbish in the street ✅ Correct answer: a) Using renewable energy 🌎 10. Complete the sentence: People should ______ paper, glass, and plastic to keep the planet clean. a) waste b) reduce c) recycle d) ignore ✅ Correct answer: c) recycle

Ions Ions are charged substances that have formed through the gain or loss of electrons. Cations form from the loss of electrons and have a positive charge while anions form through the gain of electrons and have a negative charge. Cation Formation Cations are the positive ions formed by the loss of one or more electrons. The most commonly formed cations of the representative elements are those that involve the loss of all of the valence electrons. Consider the alkali metal sodium (Na) . It has one valence electron in the n=3 energy level. Upon losing that electron, the sodiu ion now has an octet of electrons from the second energy level and a charge of 1+ . The electron arrangement of the sodium ion is now the same as that of the noble gas neon. Consider a similar process with magnesium and aluminum. In this case, the magnesium atom loses its two valence electrons in order to achieve the same arrangement as the noble gas neon and a charge of 2+ . The aluminum atom loses its three valence electrons to have the same electron arrangement as neon and a charge of 3+ . For representative elements under typical conditions, three electrons is usually the maximum number that will be los. Representative elements will not lose electrons beyond their valence because they would have to "break" the octet of the previous energy level which provides stability to the ion. Anions Anions are the negative ions formed from the gain of one or more electrons. When nonmetal atoms gain elections, they often do so until their outermost principal energy level achieves an octet. For fluorine, which has an electron arrangement of (2, 7), it only needs to gain one electron to have the same electron arrangement as neon. Forming an octet (eight electrons in the outer shell) provides stability to the atom. Fluorine will gain one electron and have a charge of 1− . The electron arrangement of the fluoride ion (2, 8) will also change to reflect the gain of an electron. Oxygen has an electron arrangement of (2, 6) and needs to gain two electrons to fill the n=2 energy level and achieve an octet of electrons in the outermost shell. The oxide ion will have a charge of 2− as a result of gaining two electrons. Under typical conditions, three electrons is the maximum that will be gained in the formation of anions. Subatomic Particles in an Ion Since ions form from the gain or loss of electrons, we can also look at the number of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) found in an ion. Remember that the number of protons determines the identity of the element and will not change in a chemical process. Example 2.5.1 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons in a single oxide (O2−) ion? Solution Oxygen has the atomic number 8 so both the atom and the ion will have 8 protons. The average atomic mass of oxygen is 16. Therefore, there will be 8 neutrons (atomic mass−atomic number=neutrons) . A neutral oxygen atom would have 8 electrons. However, the anion has gained two electrons so O2− has 10 electrons. We can also use information about the subatomic particles to determine the identity of an ion. Example 2.5.2 An ion with a 2+ charge has 18 electrons. Determine the identity of the ion. Solution If an ion has a 2+ charge then it must have lost electrons to form the cation. If the ion has 18 electrons and the atom lost 2 to form the ion, then the neutral atom contained 20 electrons. Since it was neutral, it must also have had 20 protons. Therefore the element is calcium. Polyatomic Ions A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of two or more atoms that have a charge as a group (poly = many). The ammonium ion (see figure below) consists of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms. Together, they comprise a single ion with a 1+ charge and a formula of NH+4 . The hydroxide ion (see figure below) contains one hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom with an overall charge of 1− . The carbonate ion (see figure below) consists of one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms and carries an overall charge of 2− . The formula of the carbonate ion is CO2−3 . The atoms of a polyatomic ion are tightly bonded together and so the entire ion behaves as a single unit. The figures below show several examples. Soult Screenshot 2-2-1.png Figure 2.5.1 : The ammonium ion (NH+4) is a nitrogen atom (blue) bonded to four hydrogen atoms (white). Soult Screenshot 2-2-2.png Figure 2.5.2 : The hydroxide ion (OH−) is an oxygen atom (red) bonded to a hydrogen atom. Soult Screenshot 2-2-3.png Figure 2.5.3 : The carbonate ion (CO2−3) is a carbon atom (black) bonded to three oxygen atoms. The table below lists a number of polyatomic ions by name and by structure. The heading for each column indicates the charge on the polyatomic ions in that group. Note that the vast majority of the ions listed are anions - there are very few polyatomic cations. 1− 2− 3− 1+ Table 2.5.1 : Common Polyatomic Ions acetate, CH3COO− carbonate, CO2−3 arsenate, AsO3−3 ammonium, NH+4 bromate, BrO−3 chromate, CrO2−4 phosphite, PO3−3 chlorate, ClO−3 dichromate, Cr2O2−7 phosphate, PO3−4 chlorite, ClO−2 hydrogen phosphate, HPO2−4 cyanide, CN− oxalate, C2O2−4 dihydrogen phosphate, H2PO−4 peroxide, O2−2 hydrogen carbonate, HCO−3 silicate, SiO2−3 hydrogen sulfate, HSO−4 sulfate, SO2−4 hydrogen sulfide, HS− sulfite, SO2−3 hydroxide, OH− hypochlorite, ClO− nitrate, NO−3 nitrite, NO−2 perchlorate, ClO−4 permanganate, MnO−4 The vast majority of polyatomic ions are anions, many of which end in -ate or -ite. Notice that in some cases such as nitrate (NO−3) and nitrite (NO−2) , there are multiple anions that consist of the same two elements. In these cases, the difference between the ions is the number of oxygen atoms present, while the overall charge is the same. As a class, these are called oxyanions. When there are two oxyanions for a particular element, the one with the greater number of oxygen atoms gets the -ate suffix, while the one with the fewer number of oxygen atoms gets the -ite suffix. The four oxyanions of chlorine are shown below, which also includes the use of the prefixes hypo- and per-. ClO− , hypochlorite ClO−2 , chlorite ClO−3 , chlorate ClO−4 , perchlorate Not your usual ion Soult Screenshot 2-2-4.png "Drink you milk. It's good for your bones." We're told this from early childhood, and with good reason. Milk contains a good supply of calcium, part of the structure of bone. However, there are two other ionic components of hydroxyapatite, the mineral component. Phosphate ion and hydroxide ion make up the remainder of the inorganic material in bone. News You Can Use Bone is a very complex structure. It is composed of protein (mainly collagen), hydroxyapatite (a calcium-phosphate-hydroxide mixture), some other minerals, and contains 10 - 20% water. The calcium/phosphate ratios are not stoichiometric, but vary somewhat from one portion of bone to the next. Bones are very strong but will break under enough stress. Regular exercise and proper nutrition help to increase bone strength. Watch a video about bone structure at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9owEvYdouk Nitrate is an anion with a complex bonding structure. Major sources for this ion in drinking water are runoff from fertilizer, septic tank leakage, sewage, and natural deposits. High concentrations of nitrates represent a significant health hazard, especially to infants. The nitrate in the body is converted to nitrite, which then binds to hemoglobin. This binding decreases the ability of hemoglobin to transport oxygen, thus depriving the cells of the O2 needed for proper functioning. Cyanide production is widespread throughout nature. Forest fires will produce significant amounts of cyanide. Many plants contain cyanide, and it is produced by a number of bacteria, algae, and fungi. Cyanide is used industrially in metal finishing, iron and steel mills, and in organic synthesis processes. This material is also an important component for the refining of precious metals. Formation of a complex between cyanide and gold allows extraction of this metal from a mixture.

• Agriculture is growing of crops and keeping of animals. • People who practice agriculture are called farmers. • Agriculture is very important to the family. Benefits to the family • It provides food. • It provides money. • Agriculture gives us medicine. • It provides jobs. • Agriculture gives us transport and power. • It helps most families become self sufficient. • Farm tools are instruments used on farms to make work easier. • They are usually handheld and are used frequently when practicing agricultural activities. • Farm tools are light in weight, easy to handle and are suited to the strength of the farmer Name of tool Picture Use Watering can For fine watering of seed beds bucket Carrying manure, fertilizer,seed and ripe crops Name of tool Picture Use Sickle Cutting grass and harvesting of cereals like rice and wheat Slasher Cutting down tall grass and weeds USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Garden trowel Transplanting seedlings and making planting holes Hand fork Shallow cultivation of soil Aerating the soil USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Shovel Loading and offloading soil or manure into a wheelbarrow, scotch cart or truck Spade Digging and turning over of moist soil USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Garden fork Loosening and turn soil Garden line Marking straight ridges and garden beds USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use wheelbarrow Moving items around the farm Items such as soil, mulch, animal feed. Etc Knapsack sprayer Spraying pesticides and herbicides Spraying fertilizers on crops. • An inventory is a record of the things that you have. • This is a list of tools issued out and tools received back and from whom Inventory of farm tools Inventory record sheets Created by Date Name of tool Sheet Tool numbenumber Description r Location Quantity Spade 1/15 Black,wooden handle Store room 2 SAFETY IN AGRICULTURE • Agricultural activities can be dangerous. • Hazards involved results in injury, disability and death of people and animals. • The hazards are usually caused by physical injury and chemical poisoning. Common hazards in Agriculture 1. physical injury These include: • Injury caused by accidents during use of farm tools, equipment and machinery. • Misuse and improper storage of farm tools and equipment. • Being kicked by animals. • Drowning in farm pond, pool or dam. Common hazards in Agriculture 2 . Chemical poisoning These include: • Spraying without protective clothing. • Eating or smoking when spraying chemicals. • Dumping toxic chemical left overs on land and in water. • Eating agriculture produces without prior permission from adults. • Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers pollute water sources and kill animals. Chemical poisoning Ways of preventing common agricultural hazards 1. Wear protective clothing such as gloves, gumboots, respirator, hat and overalls. 2. Do not eat, drink or smoke when spraying. 3. Dispose off all chemical remains safely. 4. Bury or burn empty chemical containers and chemical left overs. 5. Wash thoroughly with running water and soap after using chemicals. 6. Do not spray during windy days. 7. Handle tools the right way. 8. Fence farm ponds and dams. Ways of preventing common agricultural hazards Climate and Landuse Seasons of Zimbabwe Seasons of Zimbabwe Definition of terms • A season is a time of the year with almost the same weather patterns. • Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular time at a particular place. • it is the daily condition of air around us. • Seasons are determined by rainfall and temperature. Seasons of Zimbabwe • There are four seasons in Zimbabwe , which are: 1.The rain season 2.Post rain season 3.Cool dry season 4.Hot dry season Seasons of Zimbabwe 1.The rain season ( summer) • It is also called the hot- wet season. • The season begins in mid November to mid March. • The period is rainy and hot. • Dams and rivers fill up. Seasons of Zimbabwe 2 . The post rain season ( autumn ) • It starts mid March – May • The days are bright and sunny. • The leaves change from green to red, orange, yellow or brown before falling. • In addition, there is less sunlight because the days are shorter. • It is the harvesting period of most crops. Seasons of Zimbabwe 3. The cold dry season ( winter ) • It begins mid May – mid August • The mornings, evenings and nights are very cold. • Has short days and long nights. Seasons of Zimbabwe 4 . The hot season (spring ) • It begins mid August – mid November. • The days are very hot with cool nights. • A season for trees to develop new shoots. Summer Activities Agricultural activities done during the rain season includes: • Ploughing and planting of summer crops for example maize, cotton. • Weeding • Pest and disease control • Applying fertilizers. • Weekly dipping of animals because ticks, lice and mites would be many. • Harvesting of summer crops • Preparing fireguards. A fireguard is a fire break. • Beginning of the planting of wheat, barley and oats. Winter Activities • Planting of winter crops such as wheat, barley and oats. • Harvesting and selling of summer crops continues. • Constructing frost barriers for frost sensitive crops such as tomatoes. • Vaccinating animals against blackleg. • Supplementary feeding of grazing animals. • Dosing of animals to kill internal parasites. Spring Activities • Shelling and threshing of grain crops. • Dry planting of summer crops. • Carrying manure to fields. • Ploughing and harrowing. • Making planting holes Soil Components •Soil is made up of 4 components: 1)Mineral matter 2)Organic matter 3)Soil water 4)Soil air

## Fill in the Blank Fill in the blank with the correct words: 1. Work is the use of _____________ to move an object. _____________ 2. Only the part of the applied force that acts in the same _____________ as motion does work. _____________ 3. Work transfers _____________ from one form to another. _____________ 4. The unit of work is the _____________ (J). _____________ 5. The formula for work is _____________ . _____________ [Word Bank]: force, direction, energy, joule, $W = F \times d$ ## Multiple Choice Questions Choose the correct answer from the choices for each question: 1. Which statement best describes when work is done on an object? * A. A force acts on the object while it moves in the same direction as the force. * B. A force acts on the object while it does not move. * C. The object moves but no force is applied. * D. A force acts opposite to the motion and the object does not move. 2. If a force of 10 N moves an object 3 m in the same direction as the force, how much work is done? * A. 3 J * B. 10 J * C. 30 J * D. 13 J 3. Which unit correctly measures work? * A. Newton (N) * B. Meter (m) * C. Joule (J) * D. Watt (W) 4. If a force acts perpendicular to the motion of an object, how much work does that component do? * A. Maximum work * B. Zero work * C. Negative work * D. Equal to force times distance 5. Using the example from the passage, the work done lifting a 30 N dog 2 m is: * A. 15 J * B. 60 J * C. 32 J * D. 90 J ## Open-Ended Questions Answer the following questions in complete sentences: 1. Explain in your own words why only the component of force in the direction of motion does work. 2. A student pushes a box with a 25 N horizontal force and the box moves 4 m horizontally. Calculate the work done and show your steps using the formula from the passage. 3. Describe one real-life example (not in the passage) where work transfers energy from one form to another. Identify the force, the distance, and the energy transfer.

Got it ✅ I’ll create 4 simple sections of assignments based on these two pages (1.1 What is a network? and 1.2 Network connections). Total marks = 25. Suitable for Oxford International Primary Computing Grade 5. --- Assignment – Computer Networks Grade 5 – Total Marks: 25 --- Section A: Choose the Correct Answer (6 marks) Circle the correct option. Each question = 2 marks. 1. A group of computers connected together is called a: a) Website b) Network c) Software 2. Which type of network connects computers inside a school? a) LAN b) WAN c) Wi-Fi 3. To use a network safely, you need: a) A strong password b) A printer c) A hotspot --- Section B: Fill in the Blanks (6 marks) Each correct answer = 2 marks. 1. We can use a network to share files and ________. 2. A wireless connection is also called ________. 3. Network ________ help devices work together. --- Section C: Short Answer Questions (7 marks) 1. Write two advantages of using a network. (2 marks) 2. What is the difference between a wired connection and a wireless connection? (2 marks) 3. Write one rule to keep your password safe. (1 mark) 4. Create a strong password example using numbers and symbols. (2 marks) --- Section D: Activity / Problem Solving (6 marks) 1. Web Valley School has 60 network connections. Each cable is 50 meters long. How many meters of cable are used in total? (2 marks) 2. Convert your answer into kilometers. (2 marks) 3. Why is it important to hide or lock network equipment? (2 marks) --- ✅ Total = 25 marks --- Would you like me to also make a teacher’s marking guide with answers and mark distribution?

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