The exam contains only TWO READINGS. Read the text and choose the correct option. (8 questions) Let me sleep on it For many years, people have said that a good night’s sleep often helps when you have to make an important decision. Research done recently by an American university has shown that this idea is actually true. The researchers used a card game for their experiment, and 54 students between the ages of 18 and 23 participated. The scientists divided the participants into two groups. Both groups were given a short lesson on how to play the card game, in the morning or in the evening. The lesson was very short. All of the students were asked to come back 12 hours later. The 28 students who had the class in the afternoon went home to a normal evening and their usual night of sleep, while the 26 who received the class in the morning came back after a day of normal activities without sleep. On their second visit, the students played the game for long enough to learn that taking cards from the four different packs gave different results. Two of the packs had cards that helped players win more often while the other two packs had cards that made them lose. The objective was to avoid losing the game. In the experiment, the students who had had a normal night’s sleep chose cards from the winning packs four times more than those who had spent the 12-hour break awake. The students who had slept also understood better how to play the game. These results show that sleep helps a person make better decisions. The researchers think that this is related to rapid-eye-movement or REM sleep, which is the creative period of our sleep cycle. The experiment shows that there is a connection between REM sleep and decision making, but researchers do not yet know what the connection is. 1 The participants in the experiment were all ________________.

Let me sleep on it For many years, people have said that a good night’s sleep often helps when you have to make an important decision. Research done recently by an American university has shown that this idea is actually true. The researchers used a card game for their experiment, and 54 students between the ages of 18 and 23 participated. The scientists divided the participants into two groups. Both groups were given a short lesson on how to play the card game, in the morning or in the evening. The lesson was very short. All of the students were asked to come back 12 hours later. The 28 students who had the class in the afternoon went home to a normal evening and their usual night of sleep, while the 26 who received the class in the morning came back after a day of normal activities without sleep. On their second visit, the students played the game for long enough to learn that taking cards from the four different packs gave different results. Two of the packs had cards that helped players win more often while the other two packs had cards that made them lose. The objective was to avoid losing the game. In the experiment, the students who had had a normal night’s sleep chose cards from the winning packs four times more than those who had spent the 12-hour break awake. The students who had slept also understood better how to play the game. These results show that sleep helps a person make better decisions. The researchers think that this is related to rapid-eye-movement or REM sleep, which is the creative period of our sleep cycle. The experiment shows that there is a connection between REM sleep and decision making, but researchers do not yet know what the connection is. 2 The two groups were shown the card game ___________________.

Let me sleep on it For many years, people have said that a good night’s sleep often helps when you have to make an important decision. Research done recently by an American university has shown that this idea is actually true. The researchers used a card game for their experiment, and 54 students between the ages of 18 and 23 participated. The scientists divided the participants into two groups. Both groups were given a short lesson on how to play the card game, in the morning or in the evening. The lesson was very short. All of the students were asked to come back 12 hours later. The 28 students who had the class in the afternoon went home to a normal evening and their usual night of sleep, while the 26 who received the class in the morning came back after a day of normal activities without sleep. On their second visit, the students played the game for long enough to learn that taking cards from the four different packs gave different results. Two of the packs had cards that helped players win more often while the other two packs had cards that made them lose. The objective was to avoid losing the game. In the experiment, the students who had had a normal night’s sleep chose cards from the winning packs four times more than those who had spent the 12-hour break awake. The students who had slept also understood better how to play the game. These results show that sleep helps a person make better decisions. The researchers think that this is related to rapid-eye-movement or REM sleep, which is the creative period of our sleep cycle. The experiment shows that there is a connection between REM sleep and decision making, but researchers do not yet know what the connection is. 3 The participants had to go back ______________________.

Let me sleep on it For many years, people have said that a good night’s sleep often helps when you have to make an important decision. Research done recently by an American university has shown that this idea is actually true. The researchers used a card game for their experiment, and 54 students between the ages of 18 and 23 participated. The scientists divided the participants into two groups. Both groups were given a short lesson on how to play the card game, in the morning or in the evening. The lesson was very short. All of the students were asked to come back 12 hours later. The 28 students who had the class in the afternoon went home to a normal evening and their usual night of sleep, while the 26 who received the class in the morning came back after a day of normal activities without sleep. On their second visit, the students played the game for long enough to learn that taking cards from the four different packs gave different results. Two of the packs had cards that helped players win more often while the other two packs had cards that made them lose. The objective was to avoid losing the game. In the experiment, the students who had had a normal night’s sleep chose cards from the winning packs four times more than those who had spent the 12-hour break awake. The students who had slept also understood better how to play the game. These results show that sleep helps a person make better decisions. The researchers think that this is related to rapid-eye-movement or REM sleep, which is the creative period of our sleep cycle. The experiment shows that there is a connection between REM sleep and decision making, but researchers do not yet know what the connection is. 4 ________________ of the participants went to bed between the two visits.

Let me sleep on it For many years, people have said that a good night’s sleep often helps when you have to make an important decision. Research done recently by an American university has shown that this idea is actually true. The researchers used a card game for their experiment, and 54 students between the ages of 18 and 23 participated. The scientists divided the participants into two groups. Both groups were given a short lesson on how to play the card game, in the morning or in the evening. The lesson was very short. All of the students were asked to come back 12 hours later. The 28 students who had the class in the afternoon went home to a normal evening and their usual night of sleep, while the 26 who received the class in the morning came back after a day of normal activities without sleep. On their second visit, the students played the game for long enough to learn that taking cards from the four different packs gave different results. Two of the packs had cards that helped players win more often while the other two packs had cards that made them lose. The objective was to avoid losing the game. In the experiment, the students who had had a normal night’s sleep chose cards from the winning packs four times more than those who had spent the 12-hour break awake. The students who had slept also understood better how to play the game. These results show that sleep helps a person make better decisions. The researchers think that this is related to rapid-eye-movement or REM sleep, which is the creative period of our sleep cycle. The experiment shows that there is a connection between REM sleep and decision making, but researchers do not yet know what the connection is. 5 There were __________ packs of cards in the card game.

Let me sleep on it For many years, people have said that a good night’s sleep often helps when you have to make an important decision. Research done recently by an American university has shown that this idea is actually true. The researchers used a card game for their experiment, and 54 students between the ages of 18 and 23 participated. The scientists divided the participants into two groups. Both groups were given a short lesson on how to play the card game, in the morning or in the evening. The lesson was very short. All of the students were asked to come back 12 hours later. The 28 students who had the class in the afternoon went home to a normal evening and their usual night of sleep, while the 26 who received the class in the morning came back after a day of normal activities without sleep. On their second visit, the students played the game for long enough to learn that taking cards from the four different packs gave different results. Two of the packs had cards that helped players win more often while the other two packs had cards that made them lose. The objective was to avoid losing the game. In the experiment, the students who had had a normal night’s sleep chose cards from the winning packs four times more than those who had spent the 12-hour break awake. The students who had slept also understood better how to play the game. These results show that sleep helps a person make better decisions. The researchers think that this is related to rapid-eye-movement or REM sleep, which is the creative period of our sleep cycle. The experiment shows that there is a connection between REM sleep and decision making, but researchers do not yet know what the connection is. 6 The cards in the packs were ____________________.

Let me sleep on it For many years, people have said that a good night’s sleep often helps when you have to make an important decision. Research done recently by an American university has shown that this idea is actually true. The researchers used a card game for their experiment, and 54 students between the ages of 18 and 23 participated. The scientists divided the participants into two groups. Both groups were given a short lesson on how to play the card game, in the morning or in the evening. The lesson was very short. All of the students were asked to come back 12 hours later. The 28 students who had the class in the afternoon went home to a normal evening and their usual night of sleep, while the 26 who received the class in the morning came back after a day of normal activities without sleep. On their second visit, the students played the game for long enough to learn that taking cards from the four different packs gave different results. Two of the packs had cards that helped players win more often while the other two packs had cards that made them lose. The objective was to avoid losing the game. In the experiment, the students who had had a normal night’s sleep chose cards from the winning packs four times more than those who had spent the 12-hour break awake. The students who had slept also understood better how to play the game. These results show that sleep helps a person make better decisions. The researchers think that this is related to rapid-eye-movement or REM sleep, which is the creative period of our sleep cycle. The experiment shows that there is a connection between REM sleep and decision making, but researchers do not yet know what the connection is. 7 The group who was taught in the morning ___________ more often than the other group.

Let me sleep on it For many years, people have said that a good night’s sleep often helps when you have to make an important decision. Research done recently by an American university has shown that this idea is actually true. The researchers used a card game for their experiment, and 54 students between the ages of 18 and 23 participated. The scientists divided the participants into two groups. Both groups were given a short lesson on how to play the card game, in the morning or in the evening. The lesson was very short. All of the students were asked to come back 12 hours later. The 28 students who had the class in the afternoon went home to a normal evening and their usual night of sleep, while the 26 who received the class in the morning came back after a day of normal activities without sleep. On their second visit, the students played the game for long enough to learn that taking cards from the four different packs gave different results. Two of the packs had cards that helped players win more often while the other two packs had cards that made them lose. The objective was to avoid losing the game. In the experiment, the students who had had a normal night’s sleep chose cards from the winning packs four times more than those who had spent the 12-hour break awake. The students who had slept also understood better how to play the game. These results show that sleep helps a person make better decisions. The researchers think that this is related to rapid-eye-movement or REM sleep, which is the creative period of our sleep cycle. The experiment shows that there is a connection between REM sleep and decision making, but researchers do not yet know what the connection is. 8 The experiment helped researchers find a connection between _____________ and making decisions.

Read the article and mark the statements True or False. (7 questions) Today, there are two thousand families living in the village of Kodinhi in southern India. Among them, there are more than three hundred sets of twins, which is six times the global average. What makes this even more unusual is that India has one of the lowest birth rates of twins in the world. Nobody can explain the reason why the village has so many twins. Some people say the cause might be genetic, but local doctor, Dr. Sribiju, doesn’t think so. He says that there haven’t always been twins in Kodinhi –parents suddenly started having them about sixty or seventy years ago. Neither does he believe that a new kind of pollution has caused the twins to be born. In that case, he argues, there would be more twins with birth defects. Luckily, most of Kodinhi´s twins are born healthy. Dr. Sribiju thinks that the twins are born because of something the villagers eat and drink. He wants to discover just what that is, so that he can use it to help other couples who can’t have children. Having twins in this part of India can be a big problem for a family. It’s expensive and it can be dangerous for the mother’s health. That’s why the villagers of Kodinhi have started a support group. The group is called the Twins and Kin* Association, or TAKA for short. The president of the group is 50 year-old Pullani Bhaskaran, who has twin sons of his own. He wants all the twins in Kodinhi to join the group so that they can help each other. With the more than 300 pairs of twins in the village and the other people in their families, TAKA currently has 600 members. 1 There are two thousand pairs of twins in Kodinhi.

Today, there are two thousand families living in the village of Kodinhi in southern India. Among them, there are more than three hundred sets of twins, which is six times the global average. What makes this even more unusual is that India has one of the lowest birth rates of twins in the world. Nobody can explain the reason why the village has so many twins. Some people say the cause might be genetic, but local doctor, Dr. Sribiju, doesn’t think so. He says that there haven’t always been twins in Kodinhi –parents suddenly started having them about sixty or seventy years ago. Neither does he believe that a new kind of pollution has caused the twins to be born. In that case, he argues, there would be more twins with birth defects. Luckily, most of Kodinhi´s twins are born healthy. Dr. Sribiju thinks that the twins are born because of something the villagers eat and drink. He wants to discover just what that is, so that he can use it to help other couples who can’t have children. Having twins in this part of India can be a big problem for a family. It’s expensive and it can be dangerous for the mother’s health. That’s why the villagers of Kodinhi have started a support group. The group is called the Twins and Kin* Association, or TAKA for short. The president of the group is 50 year-old Pullani Bhaskaran, who has twin sons of his own. He wants all the twins in Kodinhi to join the group so that they can help each other. With the more than 300 pairs of twins in the village and the other people in their families, TAKA currently has 600 members. 2 Parents don't usually have twins in India.

Today, there are two thousand families living in the village of Kodinhi in southern India. Among them, there are more than three hundred sets of twins, which is six times the global average. What makes this even more unusual is that India has one of the lowest birth rates of twins in the world. Nobody can explain the reason why the village has so many twins. Some people say the cause might be genetic, but local doctor, Dr. Sribiju, doesn’t think so. He says that there haven’t always been twins in Kodinhi –parents suddenly started having them about sixty or seventy years ago. Neither does he believe that a new kind of pollution has caused the twins to be born. In that case, he argues, there would be more twins with birth defects. Luckily, most of Kodinhi´s twins are born healthy. Dr. Sribiju thinks that the twins are born because of something the villagers eat and drink. He wants to discover just what that is, so that he can use it to help other couples who can’t have children. Having twins in this part of India can be a big problem for a family. It’s expensive and it can be dangerous for the mother’s health. That’s why the villagers of Kodinhi have started a support group. The group is called the Twins and Kin* Association, or TAKA for short. The president of the group is 50 year-old Pullani Bhaskaran, who has twin sons of his own. He wants all the twins in Kodinhi to join the group so that they can help each other. With the more than 300 pairs of twins in the village and the other people in their families, TAKA currently has 600 members. 3 A century ago, there used to be more twins in Kodinhi.

Today, there are two thousand families living in the village of Kodinhi in southern India. Among them, there are more than three hundred sets of twins, which is six times the global average. What makes this even more unusual is that India has one of the lowest birth rates of twins in the world. Nobody can explain the reason why the village has so many twins. Some people say the cause might be genetic, but local doctor, Dr. Sribiju, doesn’t think so. He says that there haven’t always been twins in Kodinhi –parents suddenly started having them about sixty or seventy years ago. Neither does he believe that a new kind of pollution has caused the twins to be born. In that case, he argues, there would be more twins with birth defects. Luckily, most of Kodinhi´s twins are born healthy. Dr. Sribiju thinks that the twins are born because of something the villagers eat and drink. He wants to discover just what that is, so that he can use it to help other couples who can’t have children. Having twins in this part of India can be a big problem for a family. It’s expensive and it can be dangerous for the mother’s health. That’s why the villagers of Kodinhi have started a support group. The group is called the Twins and Kin* Association, or TAKA for short. The president of the group is 50 year-old Pullani Bhaskaran, who has twin sons of his own. He wants all the twins in Kodinhi to join the group so that they can help each other. With the more than 300 pairs of twins in the village and the other people in their families, TAKA currently has 600 members. 4 Dr. Sribiju thinks that there are a lot of twins because of the pollution in Kodinhi.

Today, there are two thousand families living in the village of Kodinhi in southern India. Among them, there are more than three hundred sets of twins, which is six times the global average. What makes this even more unusual is that India has one of the lowest birth rates of twins in the world. Nobody can explain the reason why the village has so many twins. Some people say the cause might be genetic, but local doctor, Dr. Sribiju, doesn’t think so. He says that there haven’t always been twins in Kodinhi –parents suddenly started having them about sixty or seventy years ago. Neither does he believe that a new kind of pollution has caused the twins to be born. In that case, he argues, there would be more twins with birth defects. Luckily, most of Kodinhi´s twins are born healthy. Dr. Sribiju thinks that the twins are born because of something the villagers eat and drink. He wants to discover just what that is, so that he can use it to help other couples who can’t have children. Having twins in this part of India can be a big problem for a family. It’s expensive and it can be dangerous for the mother’s health. That’s why the villagers of Kodinhi have started a support group. The group is called the Twins and Kin* Association, or TAKA for short. The president of the group is 50 year-old Pullani Bhaskaran, who has twin sons of his own. He wants all the twins in Kodinhi to join the group so that they can help each other. With the more than 300 pairs of twins in the village and the other people in their families, TAKA currently has 600 members. 5 Dr. Sribiju thinks that couples who want children could learn from the villagers of Kodinhi.

Today, there are two thousand families living in the village of Kodinhi in southern India. Among them, there are more than three hundred sets of twins, which is six times the global average. What makes this even more unusual is that India has one of the lowest birth rates of twins in the world. Nobody can explain the reason why the village has so many twins. Some people say the cause might be genetic, but local doctor, Dr. Sribiju, doesn’t think so. He says that there haven’t always been twins in Kodinhi –parents suddenly started having them about sixty or seventy years ago. Neither does he believe that a new kind of pollution has caused the twins to be born. In that case, he argues, there would be more twins with birth defects. Luckily, most of Kodinhi´s twins are born healthy. Dr. Sribiju thinks that the twins are born because of something the villagers eat and drink. He wants to discover just what that is, so that he can use it to help other couples who can’t have children. Having twins in this part of India can be a big problem for a family. It’s expensive and it can be dangerous for the mother’s health. That’s why the villagers of Kodinhi have started a support group. The group is called the Twins and Kin* Association, or TAKA for short. The president of the group is 50 year-old Pullani Bhaskaran, who has twin sons of his own. He wants all the twins in Kodinhi to join the group so that they can help each other. With the more than 300 pairs of twins in the village and the other people in their families, TAKA currently has 600 members. 6 It can be a health risk for women in Kodinhi to have twins.

Today, there are two thousand families living in the village of Kodinhi in southern India. Among them, there are more than three hundred sets of twins, which is six times the global average. What makes this even more unusual is that India has one of the lowest birth rates of twins in the world. Nobody can explain the reason why the village has so many twins. Some people say the cause might be genetic, but local doctor, Dr. Sribiju, doesn’t think so. He says that there haven’t always been twins in Kodinhi –parents suddenly started having them about sixty or seventy years ago. Neither does he believe that a new kind of pollution has caused the twins to be born. In that case, he argues, there would be more twins with birth defects. Luckily, most of Kodinhi´s twins are born healthy. Dr. Sribiju thinks that the twins are born because of something the villagers eat and drink. He wants to discover just what that is, so that he can use it to help other couples who can’t have children. Having twins in this part of India can be a big problem for a family. It’s expensive and it can be dangerous for the mother’s health. That’s why the villagers of Kodinhi have started a support group. The group is called the Twins and Kin* Association, or TAKA for short. The president of the group is 50 year-old Pullani Bhaskaran, who has twin sons of his own. He wants all the twins in Kodinhi to join the group so that they can help each other. With the more than 300 pairs of twins in the village and the other people in their families, TAKA currently has 600 members. 7 The president of TAKA has a twin brother.