From a nutritional point of view, we can divide fish into:

Freshwater fish and saltwater fish

According to their habitat we can divide fish into:

Freshwater fish and saltwater fish

Fish Vocabulary | Quizalize

Fish Cheeks Vocabulary Syn/Ant

Vocabulary for Fish in a Tree

Fish in a Tree Vocabulary Chapters 1-28

"Fish in a Tree" Vocabulary Ch. 29-51

Fish in a Tree Vocabulary Assessment

Vocabulary quiz: Urbanization: The movement of population into cities and away from rural areas. Typhoons: A big storm, also known as a cyclone, that forms in tropical waters. The term typhoon is usually used in the Pacific world regions (Asia, Australia, Fiji, New Zealand) Harbor Site: An area where ships dock, usually on coasts that are touching oceans. Mental Map: Maps that you create in your mind from memory (layout of bedroom, neighborhood, school)) Satellite Imagery: A picture of a location from a satellite in space. (Think of a real picture of Earth from space.) Primary Sector: Raw materials from nature. (fish, wood, plants, water, air) Secondary Sector: Raw materials are turned into a product. (factories, lumber mills, manufacturing) Tertiary Sector: Providing a service to the public. (Banking, hotels, teachers) Alliance: When people come together with a common goal to work together. Cultural Diffusion: When culture (language, food, dance, religion) spread to other nearby countries. Push Factors: Social, cultural, environmental, and political factors/events that cause people to migrate away from their homeland. Tuesday 12/3: Directions: W

تمام، دي 15 سؤالًا متنوعًا جاهزين للنسخ على Quizalize، وكلهم Multiple Choice من محتوى الدرس. Life Along the Nile Challenge 🌊🐊 Vocabulary 1. Plants that grow in the Nile water are called ______. a) insects b) water weeds c) creatures d) birds Correct answer: b) water weeds 2. The word “tiny” means ______. a) very small b) very strong c) very scary d) very long Correct answer: a) very small 3. The opposite of “large” is ______. a) colorful b) different c) small d) strong Correct answer: c) small 4. To “survive” means to ______. a) stay alive b) catch animals c) become dirty d) swim quickly Correct answer: a) stay alive 5. Crocodiles are very strong and ______. a) colorful b) tiny c) scary d) weak Correct answer: c) scary Understanding the Lesson 6. What do small fish eat? a) Birds b) Plants in the water c) Crocodiles d) Large animals Correct answer: b) Plants in the water 7. What do birds near the Nile eat? a) Small fish, insects and plants b) Water weeds only c) Crocodiles and large animals d) Big fish only Correct answer: a) Small fish, insects and plants 8. Big fish eat smaller fish, insects and ______. a) humans b) birds c) tiny creatures d) trees Correct answer: c) tiny creatures 9. Why are crocodiles called the kings of the Nile? a) They are tiny and colorful. b) They are strong and other animals do not usually hunt them. c) They only eat plants. d) They can fly over the river. Correct answer: b) They are strong and other animals do not usually hunt them. 10. Why must we protect the Nile River? a) Because every animal plays an important role. b) Because no animals live there. c) Because the river is very short. d) Because crocodiles need houses. Correct answer: a) Because every animal plays an important role. Reading Comprehension 11. Where did Ahmed and his family go on their trip? a) Cairo b) Suez c) Luxor d) Aswan Correct answer: d) Aswan 12. How did Ahmed and his family travel to Aswan? a) By car b) By train c) By plane d) By boat Correct answer: b) By train Language 13. The Nile is home ______ many different animals. a) at b) under c) to d) by Correct answer: c) to 14. Choose the correct sentence. a) We protect must the Nile River. b) We must protect the Nile River. c) The Nile River we must protect. d) Must we the Nile River protect. Correct answer: b) We must protect the Nile River. 15. Choose the correctly punctuated sentence. a) what do crocodiles eat. b) What do crocodiles eat. c) what do crocodiles eat? d) What do crocodiles eat? Correct answer: d) What do crocodiles eat? اعملي العنوان على Quizalize: Life Along the Nile Challenge 🌊 وخلي ترتيب الأسئلة Random، والمدة المقترحة 30 ثانية لكل سؤال، والدرجة 15 points.

Figure 18-11 represents the amount of energy stored as organic material in each trophic level in an ecosystem. The pyramid shape of the diagram indicates the low percentage of energy transfer from one level to the next. On average, 10 percent of the total energy consumed in one trophic level is incor- porated into the organisms in the next. Why is the percentage of energy transfer so low? One reason is that some of the organisms in a trophic level escape being eaten. They eventually die and become food for decomposers, but the energy contained in their bodies does not pass to a higher trophic level. Even when an organism is eaten, some of the molecules in its body will be in a form that the consumer cannot break down and use. For example, a cougar cannot extract energy from the antlers, hooves, and hair of a deer. Also, the energy used by prey for cellu- lar respiration cannot be used by predators to synthesize new bio- mass. Finally, no transformation or transfer of energy is 100 percent efficient. Every time energy is transformed, such as during the reactions of metabolism, some energy is lost as heat. Limitations of Trophic Levels The low rate of energy transfer between trophic levels explains why ecosystems rarely contain more than a few trophic levels. Because only about 10 percent of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level, there is not enough energy in the top trophic level to support more levels. Organisms at the lowest trophic level are usually much more abundant than organisms at the highest level. In Africa, for exam- ple, you will see about 1,000 zebras, gazelles, and other herbivores for every lion or leopard you see, and there are far more grasses and shrubs than there are herbivores. Higher trophic levels con- tain less energy, so, they can support fewer individuals.A population is a group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in a particular place at the same time. All of the bass living in a pond during a certain period of time make up a pop- ulation because they are isolated in the pond and do not interact with bass living in other ponds. The boundaries of a population may be imposed by a feature of the environment, such as a lake shore, or they can be arbitrarily chosen to simplify a study of the population. The humans shown in Figure 19-1 are part of the pop- ulation of a city. The properties of populations differ from those of individuals. An individual may be born, it may reproduce, or it may die. A population study focuses on a population as a whole—how many individuals are born, how many die, and so on. Population Size A population’s size is the number of individuals that the population contains. Size is a fundamental and important population property but can be difficult to measure directly. If a population is small and composed of immobile organisms, such as plants, its size can be determined simply by counting individuals. Often, though, individ- uals are too abundant, too widespread, or too mobile to be counted easily, and scientists must estimate the number of individuals in the population. Suppose that a scientist wants to know how many oak trees live in a 10 km2 patch of forest. Instead of searching the entire patch of forest and counting all the oak trees, the scientist could count the trees in a smaller section of the forest, such as a 1 km2 area. The scientist could then use this value to estimate the population of the larger area. SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES ● Describe the main properties that scientists measure when they study populations. ● Compare the three general patterns of population dispersion. ● Identify the measurements used to describe changing populations. ● Compare the three general types of survivorship curves. VOCABULARY population population density dispersion birth rate death rate life expectancy age structure survivorship curve FIGURE 19-1 A population can be widely distributed, as Earth’s human population is, or confined to a small area, as species of fish in a lake are. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 382 CHAPTER 19 If the small patch contains 25 oaks, an area 10 times larger would likely contain 10 times as many oak trees. A similar kind of sampling technique might be used to estimate the size of the pop- ulation shown in Figure 19-2. To use this kind of estimate, the sci- entist must assume that the distribution of individuals in the entire population is the same as that in the sampled group. Estimates of population size are based on many such assumptions, so all esti- mates have the potential for error. Population Density Population density measures how crowded a population is. This measurement is always expressed as the number of individuals per unit of area or volume. For example, the population density of humans in the United States is about 30 people per square kilome- ter. Table 19-1 shows the population sizes and densities of humans in several countries in 2003. These estimates are calculated for the total land area. Some areas of a country may be sparsely popu- lated, while other areas are very densely populated. Dispersion A third population property is dispersion (di-SPUHR-zhuhn). Dispersion is the spatial distribution of individuals within the popu- lation. In a clumped distribution, individuals are clustered together. In a uniform distribution, individuals are separated by a fairly con- sistent distance. In a random distribution, each individual’s location is independent of the locations of other individuals in the popula- tion. Figure 19-3 illustrates the three possible patterns of dispersion. Clumped distributions often occur when resources such as food or living space are clumped. Clumped distributions may also occur because of a species’ social behavior, such as when animals gather into herds or flocks. Uniform distributions may result from social behavior in which individuals within the same habitat stay as far away from each other as possible. For example, a bird may locate its nest so as to maximize the distance from the nests of other birds. These migrating wildebeests in East Africa are too numerous and mobile to be counted. Scientists must use sampling methods at several locations to monitor changes in the population size of the animals. FIGURE 19-2 TABLE 19-1 Population Size and Density of Some Countries Population size Population density Country (in millions) (in individuals/km2) China 1,289 135 India 1,069 325 United States 292 30 Russia 146 8 Japan 128 337 Mexico 105 54 Kenya 32 54 Australia 20 3 dispersion from the Latin dis-, meaning “out,” and spargere, meaning “to scatter” Word Roots and Origins Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. POPULATIONS 383 The social interactions of birds called gannets, which are shown in Figure 19-3b, result in a uniform distribution. Each gannet chooses a small nesting area on the coast and defends it from other gannets. In this way, each gannet tries to maximize its distance from all of its neighbors, which causes a uniform distribution of individuals. Few populations are truly randomly dispersed. Rather, they show degrees of clumping or uniformity. The dispersion pattern of a population sometimes depends on the scale at which the popu- lation is observed. The gannets shown in Figure 19-3b are uni- formly distributed on a scale of a few meters. However, if the entire island on which the gannets live is observed, the distribution appears clumped because the birds live only near the shore. POPULATION DYNAMICS All populations are dynamic—they change in size and composition over time. To understand these changes, scientists must know more than the population’s size, density, and dispersion. One important measure is the birth rate, the number of births occur- ring in a period of time. In the United States, for example, there are about 4 million births per year. A second important measure is the death rate, or mortality rate, which is the number of deaths in a

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