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Infer that circular motion requires the application of constant force directed toward the center of the circle. Infer that circular motion requires the application of constant force directed toward the center of the circle;Short Quiz in Science 8 Infer that circular motion requires the application of constant force I need a quiz of 20 problems on circular motion , tension , normal force , centripetal accelration Rotations In a doubles game, the players have to take turns hitting the ball with their partner. After each shot, a player has to move out so that the partner can get into the best position for the next shot. It is very important that both players establish an effective rotation pattern and alternative rotation patterns. 1. Circular Rotations (Figure 16.1) Each player moves in a circular way behind the partner after each shot and should be ready to move up and hit. Both players move the same way and two left-handed or right-handed aggressive players can use this movement. 125 16.1 circular rotations 2. Up and Down Rotations (Figure 16.2) Each player moves toward table in a diagonal way to return a shot then back up the same way. One left-handed and one right-handed pair use this rotation. 16.2 up and down rotations 3. T-Rotations (Figure 16.3) The front person moves sideways and the back person moves back and forth. Mostly pairs of one fast style player (front) and one loop style player (back), or one close-table offensive player (front) and one slice style player (back) use this rotation. 16.3 “T” rotations 4. Triangle Rotations (Figure 16.4) Each player using this rotation pattern moves to sides to return shot, then step back to the middle for the next shot in a triangle way. It is used often to return angles shots to sides and it is similar to the circular rotation. 126 16.4 triangle rotations Teamwork and Strategies 1. Establish a good rotation and movement patterns. 2. Create chances for your partner when returning a shot or serve. 3. Cover your partner's weaknesses. 4. Attack the weaker opponent. 5. Hit to the opponent who just finished the shot and is moving away. 6. Use your best serves and shots in games to ensure your best play and reduce mistakes. 7. Change serves and shots to keep opponents guessing what the next motion will be. 8. Change speed, power, lines and placement of the shots and serves to avoid opponents adapting to them. 9. Combine spin and flat serves to force opponent make more mistakes. 10. Attack opponents’ weaknesses. 11. Avoid the strength of opponent. For example, hit to the backhand if opponent is strong at forehand, or use more short chop shots if opponent is very aggressive. 12. Hit to the openings, weak side, and an opponent's body.THE SOAR SYSTEM A solar system is a group of planets and other celestial bodies that revolve around a star. A solar nebula- a vast cloud of gas and dust, mostly hydrogen and helium. How the Solar System Form • COLLAPSE AND SPINNING DISK FORMATION - Gravity pulls material inward. The cloud flattens into a spinning disk due to conservation of angular momentum. • PROTOSTAR FORMATION- (BIRTH OF THE SUN). Material collects at the center, and begun to heat up. When it reaches to 10 million KELVIN, nuclear fusion begins. thus, SUN is born. • PLANETESIMALS AND PROTOPLANETS. Dust and gas in the disk stick together via static and gravitational forces. These form planetesimals, which grow into protoplanets collision and accretion. • PLANET FORMATION. Inner disk: too hot for gas rocky planets form Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. • PLANET FORMATION. Outer disk: gas and ice giants. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune • LEFTOVER DEBRIS. Remaining materials forms moon, asteroids, comets and dwarf planets. DIFFERENT HYPOTHESIS IN THE FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM. 1. NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS- The Solar system formed from a rotating cloud of Gas and Dust (solar nebula). As it rotates conservation of angular momentum caused the cloud to flatten into a disk. the Sun formed at the center (DISK) while planets formed from the surrounding materials through acceleration. thus, it explains the coplanar and nearly circular orbit of the planets all planets orbits around the sun on the same flat, disk shaped plane. Proposed by Immanuel Kant in 1755 and Modified by Pierre Simon Laplace in 1756. PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS. The Solar system formed from a rotating cloud of Gas and Dust (solar nebula). As it rotates conservation of angular momentum caused the cloud to flatten into a disk. 2. Protoplanet hypothesis. Builds on the nebular model but focuses more on the role of planetesimals which then form into full planets. PROCESS: - Small solid particles stick together through collisions. As collisions takes place, it grows into kilometer-sized planetesimals. Gravitational interactions lead to the formation of planets. Lead to formation of steroids belts and varying planet sizes 3. Encounter hypothesis. States that the sun encountered a rogue star. The encounter led to the removal of hot gas from both stars due to their gravitational interaction. The hot gas then accumulated and formed the planets. The materials from the less dense rogue star formed the other planets, while that from the sun formed the inner planets. 4. TIDAL HYPOTHESIS. (also called the Tidal Theory) is an early scientific idea about how the solar system might have formed. Proposed by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys. A massive star passed very close to the early Sun. The hot gas then accumulated and formed the planets. The materials from the less dense rogue star formed the other planets, while that from the sun formed the inner planets. Streams of hot gas were drawn out from the Sun in elongated shape. These streams eventually condensed and cooled, forming planets, moons, and other bodies in the solar system. 5. Not accepted theory. Later studies showed the streams of hot gas would disperse too quickly into space instead of condensing into planets. The theory also couldn’t explain the specific orbital patterns and compositions we see today. Modern science favors the Nebular Hypothesis, which explains solar system formation through the collapse of a rotating gas cloud. Earth as the only habitable planet 1. Right Distance from the Sun (The Goldilocks Zone). Not too hot, not too cold — just right for liquid water to exist. 2. Atmosphere with Oxygen. Earth has a mix of gases, especially oxygen, which most living things need to survive. 3. Liquid Water. Earth has oceans, rivers, and rain — water is essential for all life. 4. Magnetic Field. Earth’s magnetic field protects us from harmful solar radiation. 5. Stable Climate. The atmosphere and natural cycles keep temperatures and weather mostly stable over time. 6. Rich Resources. Earth has soil for growing food, minerals, and energy sources that support life and technology. Solar explorations 1. AUGUST 6, 2014. First space craft to orbit a comet (ROSETTA PROBE). Captures the comet photograph. -Comets have coma and tail as it approaches to the sun. 2. JULY 14, 2015. NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made history by becoming the first spacecraft to fly by Pluto, giving us our first close-up look at the dwarf planet. First time visiting Pluto. Before this, Pluto was just a blurry dot in telescope images. Revealed a surprising world New Horizons showed mountains of ice, smooth plains, and a heart-shaped region called Tombaugh Regio. Changed what we knew. Scientists thought Pluto would be dull and frozen — instead, it turned out to be geologically active and incredibly complex. 3. SEPTEMBER 8, 2016. NASA launched OSIRIS-REx, the first U.S. mission to collect a sample from an asteroid and return it to Earth. Changed what we knew. Scientists thought Pluto would be dull and frozen — instead, it turned out to be geologically active and incredibly complex. OSIRIS-REx stands for: Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security–Regolith Explorer It was sent to study the asteroid Bennu, a near-Earth asteroid about 500 meters wide. Mission Goals: Collect a sample of surface material from Bennu Study the asteroid’s omposition, structure, and history. Mission Goals: Help scientists understand the origins of the solar system. Learn more about asteroids that could impact Earth. 4. August 12, 2018: Launch of NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, the first spacecraft to "touch" the Sun by flying through its outer atmosphere, called the corona. Mission Goal: To study the Sun up close and help scientists understand: How the solar wind (a stream of charged particles) is formed. Why the Sun’s corona is hotter than its surface. What causes solar storms that can affect Earth’s satellites and power grids. 5. November 26, 2018: NASA’s Insight Lander Touches Down on Mars. Its mission was focused on studying the interior of the Red Planet (crust, mantle, and core of the planet). Why the Sun’s corona is hotter than its surface. What causes solar storms that can affect Earth’s satellites and power grids 6. November 26, 2018: NASA’s Insight Lander Touches Down on Mars. Its mission was focused on studying the interior of the Red Planet (crust, mantle, and core of the planet) 7. JULY 30, 2020 PERSEVERANCE PROBE. Perseverance rover as part of the Mars 2020 mission aboard an Atlas V-541 rocket This marked a major step in Mars exploration. 8. DECEMBER 25, 2021-JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE. Investigate exoplanets’ atmospheres for signs of habitability. Observe the first galaxies formed after the Big Bang. Study the formation of stars and planetary systems. Look deeper into the infrared universe than ever before. RESULTS OF EXPLORATION • Evidence of Ancient Life-friendly Environment. • Sedimentary rocks formed in water-rich environments. • Signs of clay and carbonate minerals, which can preserve biosignatures (traces of past life). • Evidence of Ancient Life-friendly Environment. • Sedimentary rocks formed in water-rich environments. • Signs of clay and carbonate minerals, which can preserve biosignatures (traces of past life). • Evidence of Ancient Life-friendly Environment. • Sedimentary rocks formed in water-rich environments. • Signs of clay and carbonate minerals, which can preserve biosignatures (traces of past life).air mass a large area of air that has uniform temperature, humidity, and pressure. air pressure the force that a column of air applies on the air or a surface below it albedo the measure of the sun's reflectivity on Earth's different surfaces atmosphere the layers of gases surrounding Earth climate average weather conditions in a specific region over a long period of time coriolis effect the movement of wind or currents in a curved path due to Earth's rotation eddy Smaller, temporary loops of swirling water that can travel long distances before dispersing front a boundary between two air masses greenhouse gas a gas in the atmosphere that absorbs part Earth’s outgoing infrared radiation gyre a large circular system of ocean currents. humidity the amount of water vapor in the air hydrosphere system containing all the solid and liquid water on Earth jet stream Narrow bands of high speed wind high in the troposphere that move from west to east land breeze Winds that blow at night from land toward the sea. This is due to the fact that land has a low specific heat capacity and cools faster than water. This creates high pressure over the land at night and thus wind. local winds Winds that blow over short distances polar easterlies cold winds that blow from the east to the west near the North Pole and South Pole. prevailing wind distinct wind patterns caused by differences in pressure and the Coriolis effect sea breeze Winds that blow during the day from the sea toward land. This is due to water having a high specific heat capacity and it does not heat or cool quickly. High pressure then forms over the water during the day and blows toward the land. specific heat capacity The amount of heat that must be added to a substance to increase the tempurature by one degree Celsius storm surge water that has blown outward from the center of a tropical cyclone or hurricane and creates an abnormal rise in ocean waters on the coast surface current Currents near the surface of the ocean. Driven by wind, the Coriolis effect, and continental deflection trade winds Steady winds that flow from east to west between 30°N latitude and 30°S latitude along the equator tropical cyclone a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical waters typhoon a tropical cyclone occurring in the Pacific Ocean; especially in the region of the Philippines or the China Sea. weather the short-term atmospheric conditions in a given place and time westerlies steady winds that flow from west to east in the middle latitudes (30- 60 Degrees). These impact our weather in the US. wind shear A large shift in wind speed andForces