FORMULARIO: INTRODUCCIÓN DE FUNCIONES

Introducción a la formulación del problema de investigación - Starter Quiz

Caractéristiques générales de la synthèse de documents La synthèse est un exercice assez simple, car très technique. Pour réussir, il faut néanmoins faire preuve de rigueur car elle est très codifiée. Les pièges de la synthèse La plupart des étudiants ignorent la technique de synthèse telle qu’elle est attendue en BTS. Aussi plusieurs pièges sont à éviter. La synthèse n’est pas une dissertation personnelle Premier écueil : si l’on se souvint de la consigne vue plus avant, le travail demandé doit être objectif. Aucun point de vue personnel ou même appréciation subjectif sur les documents ne doit apparaître dans la rédaction. On recommande d’ailleurs aux étudiants de ne pas utiliser le pronom « je » dans leur travail de façon à éviter tout malentendu. Le candidat doit donc rapporter les idées des auteurs de façon neutre, sans jugement de valeur. La synthèse n’est pas un résumé des documents La plus grande erreur commise en première année de BTS consiste à résumer les documents, les uns après les autres. Un petit détour par l’étymologie nous permettra de mieux comprendre le travail attendu. Le terme « synthèse » vient du grec sunthesis qui signifie « mise en commun ». Il s’agit donc de rassembler les informations collectées dans les différents documents en un ensemble organisé, donc cohérent. Les idées doivent être confrontées en établissant des liens entre les documents. La synthèse n’est pas un montage de citations Le Bac de français est derrière vous. Oubliez (en partie) cette épreuve. Ici, pas de citations, de numéros de lignes pour appuyer votre rédaction. Votre travail consiste à reformuler de façon synthétique le contenu et les enjeux des documents. La nature du travail demandé Une consigne codifiée pour rédiger votre synthèse Trois adjectifs dans cette consigne. Tout d’abord, la synthèse doit être concise, c’est-à-dire courte et dense. Quatre pages maximum sont généralement attendues à l’épreuve. Nous l’avons déjà évoqué plus haut, la synthèse est un exercice absolument objectif. Aucune idée extérieure aux documents ni commentaire personnel ne doivent figurer dans la rédaction. Enfin, la synthèse est un travail ordonné. Un plan soutient donc la rédaction, on attend ainsi : • une introduction; • un développement; • une conclusion. La démarche à adopter pour votre synthèse La préparation de la synthèse se décompose en deux temps : • Un premier temps consacré à la lecture active de chaque document. Les idées importantes sont relevées, les arguments sont listés, le raisonnement de l’auteur est analysé. • Un second temps consacré à la mise en relation des différents documents de façon à établir des liens entre eux : il s’agit en fait de recomposer un débat entre les auteurs. Sont-ils d’accord ? S’opposent-ils ? Si oui sur quels point ? … La synthèse : un acte de communication On veut donc vérifier que vous savez « lire » : c’est-à-dire que vous êtes capable de comprendre ce qui est écrit dans les documents et de reformuler selon des contraintes de longueur de texte. L’étymologie du verbe « lire » nous le confirme : legere, en latin, signifique « choisir » La méthodologie de synthèse en 10 points Voici un récapitulatif des 10 maladresses principales à éviter et des 10 règles à adopter Les interdits de la synthèse 1. Faire des citations des auteurs des documents pour soutenir les idées avancées. 2. Donner son avis, émettre des remarques subjectives : ex : l’auteur oublie malheureusement que… 3. Faire des références à des documents hors corpus, faire allusion à une autre œuvre de l’auteur. 4. Rédiger un « catalogue » des idées sans lien logique entre elles. Rédiger au fil de son inspiration. 5. Rédiger une synthèse longue et détaillée. 6. Laisser de côté un document, parce que l’on ne l’a pas compris ou qu’il nous semble inintéressant… 7. Utiliser le pronom « je ». 8. Faire un plan apparent (A, B…) avec des titres. 9. Juxtaposer des résumés des documents. 10. Faire référence aux documents par le numéro attribué dans le dossier. Ce qu’il faut faire 1. Reformuler les idées. 2. Rester neutre, objectif. 3. Ne traiter que les documents proposés. 4. Traiter les idées selon un plan précis. 5. Quatre pages maximum 6. Traiter tous les documents, même de façon inégale, certains documents sont plus « riches » en idées que d’autres. 7. Préférer le « on » ou le « nous ». 8. Rédiger sans titres avec des phrases de transition. 9. Confronter les idées communes aux documents. 10. Faire référence aux documents par le nom de l’auteur et l’initiale du prénom. Si ces 10 règles sont respectées, une importante partie de la méthode est acquise ! L'évaluation du travail de synthèse On se rappelle que cette épreuve est notée sur 40 points. En règle générale, les correcteurs adoptent le barème suivant qui vise à valider 4 grandes compétences, chacune notée sur 40 points. Comprendre les documents Ces 10 premiers points valident vos compétences de lecture : Les idées essentielles ont-elles été bien relevées ? Tous les documents ont-ils été bien compris ? L’unité thématique des documents doit apparaître ans le traitement des informations collectées. Confronter Le correcteur vérifiera notamment que tous les documents ont bien été exploités, qu’aucune « impasse » n’a été faite. Il sanctionnera, le cas échéant, l’ajout d’idées extérieures. Certains étudiants pensent que l’introduction d’idées extérieures vient enrichir leur travail et montre leur connaissance du sujet. Il faudra attendre l’épreuve d’écriture personnelle pour le faire. Ici, rappelons-le, seuls les documents proposés à l’étude figurent dans la synthèse. La confrontation des idées sera également évaluée : Le candidat a-t-il établi des liens entre les idées des auteurs ? Chaque partie de la rédaction repose-t-elle sur plusieurs documents ? Structurer Quelle que soit la logique suivie, la synthèse suit un plan. Introduction et conclusion doivent apparaître clairement. La rédaction suit une ligne directrice et un parcours. Les documents sont référencés, l’ensemble est organisé. Utilisez des connecteurs logiques pour lier les parties entre elles. Ils faciliteront grandement la lecture et la progression de vos idées sera plus claire. Rédiger & reformuler Une expression écrire claire est attendue. Elle respecte les normes et usages de la langue écrite courante. La richesse du vocabulaire sera valorisée. Le tout est rédigé : pas de tirets, de titres ou de tissage de citations. Les propos des auteurs sont reformulés, on sanctionnera ici toute formulation d’appréciations personnelles.

Abstract The main focus of this research is to discuss the perspective of the teamwork and its impaction organizational performance and success. Also highlight the Meanings of Team and its work sprit towards batter organizational performance and specific to its impact on the success of organization that provided the basis for this research study. In this research study a thoroughly focus was on organization and teamwork. The aim of this research is to deliver a participative view of teamwork in the organization, and also discourses the major issues and emphases on the recent work that opens the basis to move research onward. There is much worth in taking a more focus on the essential areas of teamwork. The team signifies the spirit and working capacity of the employees as team to bring organization to the success. The various explanations, definitions, processes, dimensions, team size and benefits etc. regarding the above topic teamwork and organizational success is highlighted. Keywords: Teamwork, Success, Organization, Performance, Work Groups, Employees Introduction It is indeed human beings have learned in their beginning of life to work together as (Team) that have made such a remarkable developments as unique specie. Human beings have experience throughout their social history, lived, loved, grow younger to older and worked together in groups said West M.A. (2012).The mutual social knowledge of living and functioning together creates connection among people, society and families. When work is done cooperatively as a team it can achieve extremely extra work than individually. Team can be defined as in the human society to live, to work and to play and to cooperate with others for particular task. According to John W. Newstrom et al (1993) “team is the process of assessing performance of workers, passing information and exploring methods to increase performance”. If observe closely, one can discover the instances of The Government: Research Journal of Political Science Supplementary Edition Vol. III 88 The Government social (teams) they are functioning either effectively or ineffectively everywhere; organizations, schools, work place, home etc. “Coordinating the events of people is like sand house, making by using a sole particles of sand” expressed Belbin, R. M.(2010). Moreover it is one of the general myths that the skill of team member is more important than their vigor, attention and determination for the tasks. Another widespread myth is that the team members are not alone accountable for the achievements or failures of their tasks the truth is that the members are the small parts in the teams and their individual abilities effect on the various results in team. The working relationships exist among team that might sight these relationships at different levels of involvement or relationships among the members as they move towards the degree of communication, integration and commitment increases. Terry L.G. et al (1980) expressed that “The skills are essential if members have to work together efficiently in complex situations, only development of skills and relationships, involvement on the task regarding the particular task might be selected for reaching at target that is considered as a definition of a team”. Team often perform higher when they work together with sprit that enable them to achieve a collective goal at the workplace, it is not only benefits to the organization also affects the workers confidence and success. Cooperating on various tasks reduces workloads for all team members and enables them to share duties or ideas. Work as a team is the part of everyone's life, as one is a member of a family team, staff team, school team, and community teams etc., so as to understand how to work effectively as a team member. Especially there is a need when task is threatened with increasingly many problems for example; the energy problem has effects on organization, family life, and social development and the multi-dimensional nature of many problems require a scientific skill based problem solving approach. Terry L.G, et al (1980) expressed that “The skills, competencies and efforts of team by setting priorities the team can have better impact on the problems solving such efforts can reduce work load, work duplication, and produce a result better than separate efforts”. There are some processes of teamwork by adopting those the objectives can be achieved easily. Le Pine, et al, (2008) identified10 teamwork processes that fall in three categories following are those. TEAMWORK PROCESSES TRANSITION PROCESSES •Mission analysis •Goal specification •Strategy formulation ACTION PROCESSES •Monitoring progress toward goals •Systems monitoring •Team monitoring and backup behavior •Coordination INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES •Conflict management •Motivation and confidence building •Affect management Team Work 89 Teamwork process reduces the work stress on every member which permits members to complete given important task of organization; teamwork offers members an opening to pledge with each other. Also it develops relations between the members who start a teamwork they usually sense appreciated on productive accomplishment of task. It may be cited one of the best instances of surgical team; where surgeon is assisted by his team; nurses, anesthetist and experts etc., everyone knows that their success depends upon the teamwork. In addition they are devoted to the aim that is human life it is easy to succeed with best teamwork. The important role of manager is the team building, trust building, confidence building, in the team to achieve the task. In the Situation where all team members contribute the task, it develops the positive relationship in the team that improves the trust of team members.“Functions effectively members of team must be flexible, committed, trusting each other and help to each other’s in the progress and the achievement of goals” Expressed Plamínek (2008). The accountability of every member in the team must be increased so that they do not let each other down therefore they do their best for the achievements of their teams. In contrast, working alone on a task the pressure is generally high in team in those cases of small confidence impacts fewer on members. Team consists on members who always vary from each other’s in skills, knowledge and abilities but working together that is an opportunity for them to gain skills and knowledge from each other’s that they had never before. Working alone on a task is a challenge and using the ideas of each other brings them to come up with a mutual resolution and the achievement of the task. Nowadays theoretical development and research has rested largely a new trend that is emerging within the organizations as an essential process of teamwork. Teamwork has brought a new move in the research and development to the inputs and outputs that bound, constrain and impact on the team processes within organizations said Ilgen, D.R. (1999). The world is changes fast, any one set of instructions can’t be sufficient, changes needs flexible members, teams and organizations so as to be effective on task. This paper suggests that in teams members must use the exclusive human abilities. Cannon B.et al (1995) has précised dimensions of teams into three categories: Team dimensions 1-Cognitions: include associations, task team-mate characteristics, team mission, objectives, norms, and resources, team role interaction patterns, skills, roles, and team orientation. 2-Skills: consist on adaptability, shared situational awareness and mutual concept to conflict resolution. 90 The Government 3-Attitudes: symbolize motivation, collective potency, shared vision, team cohesion, mutual trust, collective orientation and importance of. Teamsize Researchers have given different approvals about the best size of team as Katzenbachetet al (1993) suggested that the teams should comprise on a dozen or so members which are enough to achieve a task. Although seven is the best size of the team in the organizational practices said Scharf, A. (1989). Several views of researchers are expressed in the literatures and it is difficult to decide which better is because their opinions are based on their own observations. The team size matters in the proper output and performance however from an empirical research it is also difficult to decide the suitable team size and what to accept. This study suggests that team size has a practical link with efficacy such as few or many member shave impact on the performance but size matters. Proper size of team improves the performance maximum stated Campion M. A et al (1996).These different results are expected due to the fact that appropriate team size is required for task, environment and situation where team works. However, larger teams can also experience coordination problems that delay performance. Sheppard, J. A. (1993) expressed that the question of best team’s size is a complex one; more research is required on this topic to explain the impact of team size on given definite task. Literature Review Across many different organizations and industries teamwork is focused to increase the performance of employees’ their unity and also create work culture. Organizations those regularly develop new ideas or products using a project-based approach and assemble teams in order to focus responsibilities to achieve the object. Researchers have given dissimilar meanings of “teams”. Dyer W.G. (2007) said that “teams are groups of people who trust in cooperation, if members are expert the success of goal is more possible”. It is essential due to the problemsolving cooperation added from many minds of team members working on a resolution of problems. Team members contribute their thoughts together to make exclusive plans for dealing with problems and this unity enhance the result due to interaction, trust and teamwork. Teamwork means a "work done by several companions with each doing a part but all subordinating personal prominence to the efficiency of the whole" Merriam, (2012). In addition combined employees are expected less hostile to each other and accepting more of each other’s decisions. Unity of employees can increase the flow of work in organization. When employee’s working together as a team, they learn from each other that awareness is based on their personal experiences and from coworkers; Team Work 91 employees from different departments may acquire knowledge from each other. The main object for organizations is to hold the team effort to achieve output and quality; team is a key to achieve quality productivity. According to Maddux et al (2003) “some of the organizations have major benefits from the use of teamwork which are showed in the following chart: Benefits of Teamwork 1 Improving quality of work life for employees 2 Reducing absenteeism and increasing turnover 3 Increasing innovation and change 4 Improving organizational adaptability and flexibility A real team is mostly one where members are allowed to take decisions that how to complete task. That authority enables them to control the work process, decreases the outside control and increases the sense of duty for work. Team always feels superiority on workplace and they rely on each other’s being there. Plamínek (2008) said that “affiliation with teamwork gives member a sense of belonging, interaction and recognition of success”. These actions support to remove the sense of loneliness of team member in organization. Effective teams can also improve efficacy through communication and trust between the team members, quality of work and decrease in absenteeism contribute to positive impact on team. Involving employees in teamwork helps the organization remain open to new ideas.“The world of organizations is shifting individualism is out and collectivism is in, power is out, empowerment is in.” stated G. M. Parker (1998). This study discovers the experiences and difficulties of teamwork that employees and organizations are facing nowadays due to big transformation and enlarged globalization. In recent years a remarkable amendment has been emerged in the belief of team working organizations. The modern study has explored that the scope of teamwork have been appeared in system rooted in belief, and employees accept changes that denoting a modern organizational system. The organizations which are responsive to the changes appear to achieve greater satisfaction. Although it may be suggested that, the managers should assess the values and beliefs of their employees to play more dedicated role in the development of organization by making sprit to face the modern challenges. Organizational cultural is much significant and it has the excessive impact on the performance of organization and employees’ but it is quiet arguable topic that the culture of teamwork can be developed according to the requirement. It is difficult to specify the relationships and to assess the reliable set of values to use as they believed symbol across the entire organizations. This review study focus that 92 The Government there is a great influence of organizational culture on the assumptions, values, and beliefs on the individuals’ considerations, actions and performances and so is vice versa, through learning, and training process. However the researchers believe that the organizational setup aids to unite employees of diverse cultures and dissimilar social backgrounds, traditions and have their own beliefs to work. Creating a positive teamwork culture it has several diverse aspects are goal setting, conflict resolution, empowerment, ability to accomplish tasks, measuring output and consideration for other teamwork cultures stated Pack L, et al April 27, (2012). Team work in the organization delivers employees the wisdom of unity; understand to each other’s, and reducing conflict. In addition teamwork in organization inspires employee for impartiality by affirming that no one is ignored in the organization and all treated equally. It is known that a team in organization is bound and sincere to work with dedication to bring the success. If the employees are committed and recognize the teamwork values and its benefits, as a part of the organization they can contribute a lot to the achievement of organization. One can finds the informal instances of team at these level, family, society, community, tribe and work groups etc., and formally team appears at the level of departments, functional groups, and other organizational units. The employees feel a greater sense of achievement for being a part of an organization, if they attain team work, having freedom to work not forced. The system gives best performance to achieve recognition and credit from their managers and it will increase their effort that helps them to contribute the organizational performance. Each team batter knows about their role and how to achieve tasks. The true spirit of teamwork gives benefit to organization in maintaining its standard by which it becomes identified. The team defines its specialty, and the way it is doing task that is perceived by the organization as well as its managers and it is secured by appreciation. Employees identify what they believe; that exist in their belief system and those understandings call them to change their views to develop and raise attention towards batter performance. The literature contains sufficient definitions of teamwork and the word team is used to denote a set of generally developed as to learn collective values, attitudes and cooperation to work. The study praises that the teamwork is mostly related with the team success for instance, Wagner (1995) described that “in the team individual is less valued and group is more valued, with”. It is found in the study that individualismcollectivism both regulates the relationships between team size, standing, and cooperation that have better effects on the cooperation of individualists rather than the cooperation of collectivists. Team Work 93 Conclusion The main concentration of this research paper is to examine more in-depth the fundamental of teamwork and its effectiveness to achieve the organizational goals. Teamwork provides vast amounts of knowledge and information, cultural differences each of these building a culture of teamwork and the skill to make the valuable solutions of the problems. To work efficiently, team members need a good understanding of how to do their job, to achieve goal and for that a basic way to ensure understanding is training, then they have to be motivated to do a job. Team is a vital activity of organization, when organization desires to perform sound it has to be confident that team functions effectively. Consequently it is compulsory to know how team performs, what manners within a team happen, and how they make decisions. If there is knowhow of teamwork events, it can be effective for the tasks that they have to accomplish. Organizations build up their own culture through tradition, history and structure these values can be accepted by team workers of an organization. The values and assumptions are the vital tools of organizations and are used as guidance for team. These have to do mostly with the basic dignity and worth of all members of team and the ability, necessity for them to solve the problems and work for the positive change. Through this review study is concluded that there is a good impact of teamwork on the organizations doings and success. Subsequently in recently developed literature there is a great focus amongst the social scientists and scholars’ in their discussion on the above topic teamwork. The above study is also an evidence of little effort to assess the significance of teamwork in organizations success. teams in organiz

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