Français - Activites de la vie quotidienne

Farhat Hached était un leader syndical et activiste tunisien né le 2 février 1914 à El Abassia et assassiné le 5 décembre 1952 près de Radès. Il a joué un rôle majeur dans le mouvement ouvrier et national tunisien. Farhat Hached a fondé l'Union générale tunisienne du travail (UGTT) en 1946, qui est devenue le principal syndicat du pays. Il a lutté contre le colonialisme français et pour l'indépendance de la Tunisie. Les événements marquants du parcours de Farhat Hached sont les suivants : Fondation de l'Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail (UGTT) en 1946 : Farhat Hached a créé cette organisation pour structurer une société civile qui soit partie prenante de la vie politique en Tunisie. Lutte contre le colonialisme français : Hached a joué un rôle majeur dans la lutte pour l'indépendance de la Tunisie et contre le colonialisme français. Assassinat et réactions : Farhat Hached a été assassiné par l'organisation terroriste française La Main Rouge le 5 décembre 1952. Son assassinat a provoqué une grande indignation en Tunisie et a renforcé le mouvement indépendantiste. Commémoration de son assassinat : En 2002, à l'occasion du cinquantenaire de son assassinat, un nouveau mausolée a été construit pour recevoir sa dépouille. Hommage posthume : Après la révolution de 2011, une place par la Ville de Paris a été dédiée Farhat Hached. Héritage et influence : Le legs de Farhat Hached dépasse son action syndicale et il est considéré comme un symbole de la résistance et de la lutte pour l'indépendance. Aujourd'hui, il est toujours vénéré en tant que héros de l'indépendance et du mouvement ouvrier tunisien. Son héritage est célébré à travers des institutions telles que l'Institut Farhat Hached pour la formation syndicale et l'éducation ouvrière, et la Fondation Farhat Hached, qui rassemble des milliers de documents relatifs à sa vie et à son combat.

PSE - Gérer son activité physique et le système de santé français

Francais A1 - Les activités dans la chambre

Personalized Activies

Smallpox epidemics had struck the tribes of the Upper Missouri at least twice before the terrible epidemic of 1837. The earlier epidemics of 1781 and 1801 took the lives of thousands of Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras and forced them to move north to re-build their villages near the mouth of the Knife River. However, not long after the earthlodge villages became established on the Knife, they experienced the worst smallpox epidemic ever. Fort Clark was a fur-trading post that had been built in 1823 just a few miles south of the mouth of the Knife River on the west bank of the Missouri River. One-quarter mile from the fort was the Mandan village of Mitu'tahakto's (meh TOOT ah hahnk tosh). Within 15 miles of the post were several more Mandan, Arikara, and Hidatsa villages. Earlier epidemics and inter-tribal conflict had forced the earthlodge peoples north to the Knife River. The Yanktonais, Crows, Assiniboines and other tribes traveled to Fort Clark bringing buffalo robes and furs to trade for tobacco, guns, cloth, and other goods. Fort Clark was a busy, densely populated center of international trade. On June 18, 1837, the steamboat St. Peters approached Fort Clark. In addition to supplies, the St. Peters brought Andrew Jackson Chardon, the two-year-old son of Fort Clark’s superintendent, Francis Chardon. Chardon met the boat some 30 miles downstream. He removed his son from the boat and heard the news that people on the boat were infected with smallpox. When the steamboat landed at Fort Clark, people came and went from the boat to the fort and the villages. Workers from the boat and the post unloaded goods and loaded bales of furs. All of the activity took place in less than 24 hours amid a “frolick” of singing and dancing and celebration. Once loaded, the St. Peters headed upstream to Fort Union carrying the deadly virus. On July 14, 1837, Chardon noted in his journal that a Mandan man had died of smallpox in the village. (See Document 2.) Chardon knew that smallpox would become an epidemic and that many more would die, but the extent of the epidemic stunned him. He recorded the deaths of important village leaders including the highly-respected second chief of the Mandans, Four Bears. He heard, probably second-hand, the death-speech of Four Bears (See Document 2, entry for July 30.) and recorded it in his journal. Chardon was unable to keep track of the number of deaths: “they die so fast that it is impossible,” he wrote. Survivors swore revenge against Chardon for bringing death to their villages. There were murders and threats of murder as the deeply despairing Mandans tried to avenge the deaths of their families and friends. Some people, sick with smallpox or feeling desperate from the loss of every member of their family, committed suicide. Suicide was unknown among the Mandans and Hidatsas before the epidemic. Before the disease reached the post, Chardon sent his oldest son downriver to Fort Pierre. The boy was sent on to his grandparents’ home in Pennsylvania. The younger son, Andrew Jackson, remained with Chardon (the boy’s mother had died in April before the epidemic). When the disease finally penetrated the walls of the fort, Andrew Jackson sickened and died as did many other young children of the post employees. When the disease reached Fort Union, more people, both Indians and non-Indians, were exposed and suffered. The superintendent at Fort Union tried to inoculate as many people as he could. Many tribes fled the area and probably saved many lives in doing so. The disease however, continued to spread across the northern Great Plains where the Indians had been denied access to the 1832 federal vaccination program. The Mandan people suffered the greatest losses in the epidemic. Frequent, close contact among the people of the villages and the fur trade post helped to spread the disease quickly. About 2,000 Mandans lived in the Knife River villages in the spring of 1837. By October, 138 people remained alive. The survivors moved from the village at Fort Clark to other villages. The Arikaras, who had lost perhaps two-thirds of their population, moved into Mitu'tahakto's. They harvested the Mandans’ garden crops that year and remained in the village near Fort Clark.

CO Activity 1: Review

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