What is the primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction

Which of the following is a common symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Burning sensation during urination

Gastro-Intestinal and Genitourinary Assessment.

Memory updated Here's a brief description of each category of gastrointestinal (GI) drugs along with their trade and generic names: Electrolyte Modifiers Description: These agents help maintain electrolyte balance in the body. Trade/Generic Names: Calcium Carbonate (Tums, Caltrate) Calcium Gluconate (Kalcinate) Potassium Chloride (Klor-Con, Micro-K) Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda, Alka-Seltzer) Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate) Gastric Mucosa Protectors Description: These drugs protect the stomach lining and reduce acid production. Trade/Generic Names: Famotidine (Pepcid) Ranitidine (Zantac) Cimetidine (Tagamet) Nizatidine (Axid) Esomeprazole (Nexium) Omeprazole (Prilosec) Pantoprazole (Protonix) Lansoprazole (Prevacid) Misoprostol (Cytotec) Sucralfate (Carafate) Antidiarrheals Description: These medications help reduce diarrhea. Trade/Generic Names: Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) Atropine (Atropen) Hyoscyamine (Levsin) Diphenoxylate/Atropine (Lomotil) Loperamide (Imodium) Codeine (Various) Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Treatments Description: Medications specifically aimed at treating symptoms of IBS. Trade/Generic Names: Alosetron (Lotronex) Laxatives/Bowel Preps/Antiflatulents Description: These drugs aid in relieving constipation, preparing the bowel for procedures, or reducing gas. Trade/Generic Names: Psyllium (Metamucil) Methylcellulose (Citrucel) Polyethylene Glycol/Electrolyte (MiraLAX, GoLYTELY) Simethicone (Gas-X) Sennoside (Senokot) Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) Lactulose (Enulose) Docusate Calcium/Docusate Sodium (Surfak/Colace) Magnesium Oxide/Magnesium Sulfate/Magnesium Hydroxide (Mag-Ox/Epsom Salt/Milk of Magnesia) Antiemetics Description: Medications used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting. Trade/Generic Names: Scopolamine (Transderm Scop) Meclizine (Antivert) Prochlorperazine (Compazine) Metoclopramide (Reglan) Ondansetron (Zofran) Appetite Stimulants Description: These drugs are used to stimulate appetite, often in conditions like cancer or AIDS. Trade/Generic Names: Dronabinol (Marinol) Nabilone (Cesamet)

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation. Nutrient is a substance that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair. Major nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Other nutrients include vitamins and minerals (and technically speaking, water).Complex carbohydrates (starches) are found in bread, cereal, flour, pasta, nuts, and potatoes .Simple carbohydrates (sugars) are found in soft drinks, candy, fruit, and ice cream.Glucose is the molecule ultimately used by body cells to make ATP.Neurons and RBCs rely almost entirely upon glucose to supply their energy needs.Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or fat and stored .The most abundant dietary lipids, triglycerides, are found in both animal and plant foods.Essential fatty acids – linoleic and linolenic acid, found in most vegetables, must be ingested. Dietary fats help the body to absorb vitamins, a major energy fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle, and a component of myelin sheaths and all cell membranes. Lipids functions in smooth muscle contraction, control of blood pressure and inflammation. Cholesterol stabilizes membranes and is a precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones. The dietary requirements for lipids are higher for infants and children than for adults. The American Heart Association suggests that fats should represent less than 30% of one’s total caloric intake, saturated fats should be limited to 10% or less of one’s total fat intake, and daily cholesterol intake should not exceed 200 mg. Complete proteins that meet all the body’s amino acid needs are found in eggs, milk, milk products, meat, and fish.Incomplete proteins are found in legumes, nuts, seeds, grains, and vegetables. Essential amino acids are the building blocks for nonessential amino acids. Protein supply for nonprotein nitrogen-containing substances. Daily intake should be approximately 0.8g/kg of body weight. All amino acids needed must be present at the same time for protein synthesis to occur. Protein will be used as fuel if there is insufficient carbohydrate or fat available. The rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of breakdown and loss. Anabolic hormones accelerate protein synthesis. Vitamins are organic compounds needed for growth and good health. They are crucial in helping the body use nutrients and often function as coenzymes. Only vitamins D, K, and B are synthesized in the body; all others must be ingested. Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract . Vitamin B12 additionally requires gastric intrinsic factor to be absorbed. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed with their digestion products. Vitamins A, C, and E also act in an antioxidant cascade. There are seven minerals are required in moderate amounts . These are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. Dozens are required in trace amounts. Minerals work with nutrients to ensure proper body functioning. Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium salts harden bone.

Pharmacologie : Système gastro-intestinal

Physiopathologie: Physiopathologie gastro-intestinale

Pharmacologie vétérinaire: Médicaments gastro-intestinaux

GASTROINTESTINAL

Fisiopatología gastrointestinal

The gastrointestinal system

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