How did physical features like the Alps impact trade in medieval Europe?

They created a natural barrier, making trade between Italy and the rest of Europe more difficult.

They allowed for the movement of people but not goods.

They facilitated trade between Italy and the rest of Europe.

What role did rivers like the Rhine and Danube play in medieval Europe?

They provided important transportation routes for trade and the movement of people.

They were only used for irrigation purposes.

They had no impact on trade or transportation.

They were a natural barrier to trade and transportation.

How did the cool, wet climate of medieval Europe impact people's lives?

It made people reliant on indoor heating sources like fireplaces to stay warm

It made indoor heating unnecessary.

It allowed for a wider range of crops to be grown.

It encouraged the wearing of lighter clothing.

How did the location of medieval European cities and towns impact their development?

Those located along major trade routes or near natural resources were often more prosperous.

Location had no impact on a city or town's prosperity.

Cities located in isolated areas were more prosperous.

Cities located away from trade routes and resources were more prosperous.

How did the geography of medieval Europe influence the development of different cultures and civilizations?

It encouraged the development of independent countries, cultures, and languages.

It encouraged the development of a single dominant culture across the continent.

It made it difficult for independent countries to develop.

It had no impact on the development of cultures and civilizations.

What role did major trade routes play in the spread of Christianity in medieval Europe?

They allowed for the spread of Christianity to different parts of Europe

They had no impact on the spread of Christianity.

They were a natural barrier to the spread of Christianity.

They only allowed for the spread of Christianity within existing Christian communities.

Which physical features were important transportation routes in medieval Europe?

The Mediterranean and the Atlantic

How did the physical features of medieval Europe impact the types of crops that could be grown?

The physical features had no impact on crop production.

The cooler, wetter climate limited the types of crops that could be grown.

The physical features allowed for a wider variety of crops to be grown.

The mountains prevented the growth of all crops.

How did the location of medieval European cities and towns impact their population growth?

Those located along major trade routes or near natural resources had a higher population growth.

Cities located away from trade routes and resources had a higher population growth.

Those located in isolated areas had a higher population growth.

Location had no impact on a city or town's population growth.

How did the geography of medieval Europe impact the spread of different languages?

It encouraged the development of different languages and cultures in different regions.

It had no impact on the spread of different languages.

It encouraged the development of a single dominant language across the continent.

b. It made it difficult for different languages to develop.

Geography of the Middle Ages

Geography of the Middle East Review

Geography of the middle east

Physical Geography of the Middle East

Think about the geography and location of the city or town you live in. Are there bodies of water like rivers and lakes or a coast nearby? Perhaps you live in a place with vast open fields suitable for farming or raising livestock. The natural environment is important when understanding how cities and towns developed. The earliest North American colonies depended on their natural environment. The type of soil, climate, length of seasons, and proximity to bodies of water all played a role in how each colony prospered. By the 1700’s, the American colonies grew into three distinct regions. The New England, Middle, and Southern regions each had different geographical and cultural characteristics that determined the development of their economy, society, and relationships to each other. The New England Colonies included Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. The geography of this region featured dense forests and hills. Combined with the hard rocky land, cold climate and long winters, New England was a poor area for large farming operations. However, many colonists known as "yeoman farmers" had small family-owned farms that grew a variety of crops. Many other colonists relied on fishing and whaling off the New England coast. Others settled in small towns and became craftsmen or merchants. The forests provided excellent lumber for building boats and homes for the growing population. Many of the settlers to the New England Colonies were Puritans, hardworking, and very religious. Close families and strong communities were very important to them. The Middle Colonies included Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, and New Jersey. The geography of this region featured a warmer climate with fertile soil, flat land, easily navigable rivers, and wide valleys making it perfect for farming and growing crops. Wealthy farmers grew cash crops and raised livestock. Mining and trading were also important aspects of the economy here. Over time, cities grew, and urban merchants sold and traded goods with people throughout the other colonies. Compared to other regions, the people of the middle colonies supported religious freedom and tolerance and had a diverse population with settlers arriving from many areas in Europe. The Southern Colonies included the first English colony of Virginia, and grew to include Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The geography included rich, fertile soil with broad coastal plains that made it possible for large plantations to grow tobacco, rice, and indigo. Most of these plantations featured a labor force of enslaved Black people. These enslaved men, women, and children had few, if any, rights and often saw their families torn apart at the whim of the plantation owner. Enslaved children were even put to work as young as age three, weeding fields, carrying drinking water, or helping in the home. Smaller farms owned by subsistence farmers also existed across the Southern Colonies. Often, the people working these would grow crops for their families with little left over to sell or trade. Indentured servants also arrived in the South who would work for 5-7 years in exchange for their passage to North America. The Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church) was the dominant religion in the region. Most settlers to the South did not come for religious freedom like they did in the northern colonies. Therefore, they often maintained their allegiance to the established Church of England.

Colonial Period Early colonial settlements were similar in that each developed near the coastline. EX) Jamestown (1607) Plymouth (1620) New England Colonies- the New England Colonies developed initially as religious outposts by various subjugated groups. Influenced by good harbors, abundant forests, rocky soil, and a short growing season. Geographic factors influenced the economy of New England by promoting the growth of trade and manufacturing. Developed villages with town-hall meetings. Had small farms and commercial fishing. American Indians were viewed by the Puritans as needing to be saved from their sinful ways since they were not Christians. In the early years of English colonization, Puritans did not openly embrace the American Indians but relied on them for help in the difficult early years for survival. As the English population increased, so did the conflict with natives of the area. A series of bloody wars (King Philip’s War and the Pequot Wars) during the colonial period between the Puritans and the American Indians of New England Southern Colonies- The climate (long growing season), rich soil, and deep rivers of the southeastern U.S. had a major impact on the history of the U.S. before 1860 because the region provided agricultural products that were processed in the North and in Europe. Developed plantations (large farms that used slave labor) because of fertile land and a long growing season. Relations with American Indians in the Southern Colonies began somewhat as a peaceful coexistence. As more English colonists began to arrive and encroach further into native lands, the relationship became more violent. Mid Atlantic (Middle Colonies)- were created from the previous Dutch New Netherland colony and had good harbors and river systems that shaped their development. The Hudson and Delaware Rivers provided highways to the interior of North America. Furs acquired from American Indians through trade for European goods were transported toward the coast along swift rivers. Later, the region’s farmers were able to use the rivers to ship wheat and other agricultural goods to markets in other colonies and Europe. The rivers also provided colonists access to manufactured goods imported from European markets. Harbors in cities such as Philadelphia and New York City allowed the Mid-Atlantic Colonies to grow into major commercial hubs for all of England’s American colonies. Ship building was common in the mid Atlantic colonies. The natives (American Indians) who resided there were typically relied upon for trade with the English and not the target of war, as was often the case in the other English colonial regions. Pennsylvania, in particular, treated the American Indians with more respect as evidenced by William Penn’s insistence on compensating the natives for their lan

Geography of the Colonies (5-1)

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