above the Equator; top half of the earth

below the Equator; bottom half of the earth

the "belt" of the Earth; 0 degrees latitude; separates N & S hemispheres

90 degrees North latutide = the top of the earth

Point at 90 degrees South latitude = the bottom of the earth

provides heat and light energy for the Earth

the North & South Poles are not straight up in down, they are ____ at 23 1/2 degrees; this causes the seasons

winter - spring - summer - fall; the Tropics don't experience these

climates nearest the Equator: humid tropical and tropical savanna

climate halfway between the poles and equator (humid continental is one) with seasons

climates nearest to the North and South Poles (ice cap, tundra, subarctic)

the short-term state of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and visibility

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

the height of land; the higher the colder

the higher you go the ___ the temperature gets

measures distance from the equator

surface features, such as ____, can affect the climate of the area by blocking rain/clouds

____ such as large lakes and oceans affect the climate of the area (example: lake effect snows in Northern Indiana)

being near large ____ (like Lake Michigan & the other Great Lakes) brings high snowfall in winter

when a mountain blocks rain, making it rainy on one side but dry on the other

prevailing ____ patterns make rain move from west to east in most of America (Indiana included)

ocean ____ have predictable swirling patterns, which affect climates

climates nearest the Equator; always hot and humid; receive lots of sun

climates halfway between the Poles and Equator; they have 4 separate seasons

repeating patterns that bring feet of water to tropical climates in a few months, then mostly no rain the rest of the year

hottest season in temperate climates

the sun is focused equally on northern and southern hemispheres in these seasons

the polar climates are neart the ___ and ___ Poles

____ climates have under 10 inches of rain or less!

climate in the mountains, where the higher you go the colder it gets

2 climates types that can be found anywhere, no matter what latitude

Indiana's climate is called ___ _____, with 4 separate seasons

"The temperate is 78, but in 1 hour later its 79" is talking about ____

Overall average weather in an area over a long period of time

___ ___ (like mountains) can affect climate near them

The star at the center of our solar system; responsible for heating us up

without ____ the earth's poles would be straight up and down, and there would be no seasons

seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons

water containing salt; found in oceans and certain lakes

water without salt; collected from falling rain

not enough water; caused by drought or over-use

how much water is needed or wanted in an area; high ____ can lead to shortages

places where water is available

_____, violence, or war can result from people fighting for control of water sources

substances that make water unusable (chemicals and other wastes)

untreated water can carry microscopic bacteria that can spread harmful ____ to humans

heavy rains can lead to _____, where far too much water appears in an area - damaging property, threatening lives

all of the ___ we eat (plants, animals, fruit) needs water to grow (and fertile soil)

moving water can be used to generate _____ or electricity

large land masses (Asia, Africa, etc.)

there are _______ continents.

a theory by Alfred Wegener that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move around slowly

A German scientist who proposed the theory of continental drift

name for the thin solid outer layer of the earth

the earth's plates can ____ or crash together, pushing up mountain ranges

when continental plates ____ or move apart, gaps form allowing hot magma and lava to flow to the surface

hot melted rock that Magma that reaches Earth's surface

how rocks & land breaks down into smaller pieces

when wind, water, or ice cause rock or soil to wear away, moving particles from 1 place to another

A long period of dry weather

when ____ rises, the increase in # of people can lead to a shortage of water

highest mountain range on earth, it's caused by continental plates COLLIDING

in history, people lived near ____ to use the water for farming, drinking, and transportation

landforms like dry deserts and high _____ ranges have never had many people living there

building a canal, cutting steps into a hillside (terraces) or building a river dam to redirect water are examples of humans _____ landforms to suit their needs

line around middle of earth that divides north/south hemisphere

lines measuring distance north and south FROM THE EQUATOR

word meaning "half of the earth"

lines measuring distance east or west from the PRIME MERIDIAN

3D model of the earth that's the same shape as the actual earth

abbreviation for "Geographic Information System"

one problem ___ have is how they are flat (2D), but the actual earth is round (3d)

part of a map telling what the colors & symbols mean

shows direction north-east-south-west on a map

on a map, the ___ bar shows distance (like 1 inch = 200 miles)

___ maps show features on the outside of earth, like mountain, rivers, plains

measurement of the land's HEIGHT above sea level is its ____

___ maps that show man-made things, like countries, states, cities

it takes 24 hours for the earth to make one ___, or complete turn

each __ __ is one hour different from its neighbor

approximate % of the earth that is land

approximate % of the earth covered by water (salt or freshwater)

97% of the earth's water is salty, found in ___ and seas

most fresh water on earth is ___ in sheets of ice at the poles

___ climate zones are the coldest, located near the poles

climate zones "in the middle" with have 4 separate seasons

___ climates are near the equator, and get more of the sun's energy

when it's winter in North America, it's ___ in Australia

when it's summer in North America, it's ___ in Australia

as a mountain's elevation or ____ increases, the temperature drops lower

the wettest, most ____ parts of the world tend to be near the Equator

examples of ___ include rain, snow, sleet, hail - falls from the sky

on a map, almost always, this direction is UP toward the top of the map

latitude & longitude are measured in units of ___, like "47 ___ north latitude"

in general, a person moving further from the equator would experience temperatures going ____

climbing ____ on a mountain, you would experience lower temperatures and lower amounts of oxygen

the shape of the ___ beneath weather patters, can affect climate

energy from the ____ hits the equator region more directly, making it hotter there than polar regions further away =

one trip of the Earth around the Sun

a _____ is 365.2422 days (one trip of the Earth around the Sun)