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Global atmospheric circulation model, pressure belts and surface winds
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Global Atmospheric Circulation 29 questionsGlobal Patterns of Atmospheric Circulation - Starter Quiz Based on the provided sources, here is a comprehensive extraction of the information regarding the water cycle, energy transfer, and Earth's wind systems, organized into key points: The Water Cycle and Its Reservoirs • Definition: The water cycle is the continuous movement of water among various reservoirs on Earth. • Water Reservoirs: These are storage locations for water and include: ◦ Oceans, seas, and lakes. ◦ Rivers, glaciers, soil, and rocks. ◦ The atmosphere and living organisms. • Total Volume: The total amount of water on Earth does not change, even when it changes state, because it is constantly being replaced or recycled through the cycle. Main Processes and Energy Transfer The movement of water through the cycle is driven by energy (thermal energy from the Sun) and force (gravity and wind). • Energy Gain (Absorption): ◦ Melting: Water changes from a solid state (ice) to a liquid state and gains energy. ◦ Evaporation: Liquid water changes into a gas state (water vapor) by gaining thermal energy. ◦ Transpiration: A specialized type of evaporation occurring in plants where water vapor is released through tiny holes in leaves called stomata. Approximately 10% of water vapor in the air comes from transpiration. • Energy Loss (Release): ◦ Condensation: Water vapor (gas) cools down and changes back into liquid water, releasing energy. ◦ Freezing: Liquid water changes into a solid state (ice) and loses energy. • Other Key Steps: ◦ Precipitation: Water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail (snow pellets). ◦ Runoff: Water flows over Earth's surface into streams, rivers, and eventually larger bodies of water like oceans. ◦ Collection: Rainwater is collected in different water bodies to start the cycle again. Forces Driving Water Movement • Gravity: The main force that pulls water downward. It is responsible for: ◦ Bringing precipitation (rain and snow) from clouds to the surface. ◦ Moving ice in glaciers from higher to lower elevations. ◦ Causing liquid water to flow downhill into rivers and seas. ◦ Leakage: Pulling liquid water down into the ground to reach groundwater reservoirs. • Wind: Another force that affects water movement and transports water to different locations on Earth. Atmospheric Processes • Cloud Formation: Water vapor attaches to particles such as dust or smoke in the air and condenses into tiny droplets. When millions of these droplets join, they become heavy and fall as rain. • Convection: The transfer of heat in liquids and gases. ◦ Warm air/liquid: Becomes less dense, lighter, and rises upward. ◦ Cold air/liquid: Is more dense, heavier, and moves downward to replace the warm fluid. ◦ This process leads to convection currents, which help determine regional climates and drive wind and ocean currents. Solar Radiation and Climate The amount of solar energy reaching Earth differs from place to place, which affects the weather: • Hottest Regions (Equator): Sun rays fall perpendicular (vertical). Heat is concentrated on a small area, making the weather hot. • Moderate Regions: Sun rays fall semi-inclined. Heat is distributed over a larger area, making the weather warm. • Coolest Regions (Poles): Sun rays fall very slanted (inclined). Heat is spread over a very large area, making the weather very cold. Earth's Wind System • Wind Formation: Wind is generated when warm air (heated by the Sun) rises and is replaced by cooler air flowing from nearby areas. • Factors Affecting Wind: The amount of solar radiation and the rotation of Earth determine global wind directions. • Global Wind Cycle: Unequal heating between the equator and the poles generates a constant wind system. Warm air rises at the equator and moves toward the poles, while cold air from the poles moves toward the equator. • Importance: If there were no wind, the equator would become extremely hot, the poles would freeze solid, and many ecosystems would disappear. Practical Examples • Turkey’s Salt Lake: High evaporation in the summer can turn this large lake into a small puddle or dry it up completely. It is a critical site for flamingos, which migrate there to breed and feed on algae in the shallow, warm water.Introduction to climate and weather, atmosphere, Tilt in earth’s axis and Earth-Sun relationship - Elements of climate-temperature, humidity, vapor pressure, precipitation, driving rain, sky conditions, solar radiations, wind and vegetation, climatic data and its measurement, methods of representing climatic data in the form of tables, graphics etc., five useful values - Introduction to Global climate, earth thermal balance, solar radiation-quality and quantity, spectrum of solar radiation, passage of radiation through atmosphere global wind pattern,Global Changes in the AtmosphereCreate a quiz with the following questions and answersConvection is… The rising motion of warm air A large volume of air A boundary between two different air masses The weight of the Earth’s atmosphere over an area What are isobars? Storms with strong winds, heavy rains, lightning, and thunder Lines on a map to show high and low pressure The study of elevation This front is associated with thunderstorms, heavy rain, snow, and cooler temperatures. Warm front Stationary front Cold front Occluded front What is a barometer? A tool used to measure temperature An instrument used to measure wind speed An instrument used to measure humidity An instrument used to measure air pressure What is a tornado? Storms with strong winds, heavy rains, lightning, and thunder Large, rotating tropical weather systems A rapidly spinning column of air that has touched the ground What is topography? The study of elevation Lines on a map to show high and low pressure The condition of the atmosphere at a given place and time What are air masses? Large, rotating tropical weather systems The study of elevation A large volume of air with the same temperature What is transpiration? The process of a liquid’s surface changing into a gas The process of a gas changing into a liquid The movement of water through the soil The process of water vapor being released by plants. What is nitrification? The process bacteria use to convert nitrogen gas into ammonium ions The process of turning ammonium ions into nitrites and nitrates. The uptake of nitrates in the soil by the roots of plants. The process of turning nitrates into nitrogen gas Fun Fact: Carbon makes up ___ of your mass. 30% 18% 50% 6% What are the reactants of photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and oxygen What are the reactants of cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and oxygen What is a storm surge? Flooding caused by hurricanes Region of air where the air pressure is low Any product of the condensation of water vapor High pressure is… A region of air where the air pressure is greater than that of the surrounding area A region of air where the air pressure is lower than that of the surrounding area. Low pressure is… A region of air where the air pressure is greater than that of the surrounding area A region of air where the air pressure is lower than that of the surrounding area. What causes global winds? Photosynthesis The process carbon goes through Uneven heating of the Earth What can humans do to reduce carbon emissions? We can use renewable energy (ex. solar power) We can use non-renewable energy (ex. fossil fuels) Carbon can form stable bonds with many elements and and makes up the backbone of major macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and ___ Nucliec acids Glucose Oxygen Nitrogen What weather is associated with low-pressure systems? Bad weather (ex. Cloudy weather) Good weather (ex. Sunny weather) What is fossilization? The burning of fossil fuels The process where fungi and bacteria decompose dead organisms Dead organisms form fossil fuels over thousands and millions of years What is the first step in the formation of tornadoes? Rising air from the ground pushes up on the swirling air and tips it over A large thunderstorm occurs in a cumulonimbus cloud The funnel grows longer and stretches towards the ground The funnel of swirling air begins to suck up more warm air from the ground What is the difference between thunderstorms and regular storms? Thunderstorms have thunder while regular storms don’t Regular storms have thunder while thunderstorms don’t There is no difference What are hurricanes? Rapidly spinning columns of air touch the ground Large, rotating tropical weather systems Storms with strong winds, heavy rains, lightning, and thunderstorms What is not a hurricane fact? They are the most powerful storms on earth They have an average wind speed of 120-180 km/h They lose their power when they travel over cooler waters or land Storm surges cause the most damages What is the difference between weather and climate? Weather is long-term while climate is short-term Climate is long-term while weather is short-term There is no difference CARBON FOOTPRINT A carbon footprint is the total amount of CO₂ produced by human activities. It also includes the emissions of other greenhouse gases. Although calculating your carbon footprint can be difficult, you can still estimate it based on how big your family is, how much electricity your appliances use, how much you drive or fly, or how much you recycle. Globally, the average carbon footprint per person is more than 4 tons per year. Too much CO₂ in the Earth’s atmosphere can cause serious problems. It can lead to increasing global temperatures and air pollution, and destroy the natural world. It’s not difficult to reduce your carbon footprint. You can do it by making your daily activities eco-friendly. For example, you can take shorter showers. The less hot water you use, the less energy is needed to heat the water. Instead of using your personal car or motorbike, you should use public transport, walk, or cycle as much as possible. These simple activities can help reduce your carbon footprint and your impact on the environment.Improving one’s physical appearance is the primary concern, of all people from all walks of life. Not only the party goers, career-oriented, or the celebrities but also ordinary people like us. So one must be careful in choosing the kind of cosmetic products that will not cause any harmful effects to their health as well as the environment. Objectives: Pretest: Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 43 Cosmetics are products used to beautify, clean or protect the skin, hair, and other parts of the body. Examples of these are make-up, gel, hair spray, and hair dye. Prolong usage of these products will be harmful for your health as well as the environment. What are cosmetics? Cosmetics refer to any preparation intended to beautify the human body, more specifically the face. Make-up preparations – are formulated with covering creams that are skin toned and dense in texture to hide or conceal skin blemishes. Hair spray - is a liquid preparation in an aerosol or other spray container use for holding the hair in place. Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 44 Hair dye - is a hair coloring matter use to give hair a new color. Gel - a semi rigid or a dispersion of a solid with liquid as in jelly or glue, use to hold the hair in a specific style. Now, take note of the different components commonly found in hair spray. a. Aerosol – is a substance sealed in a container under pressure, with a device for releasing it as a fine spray. Components of aerosol: 1. propane gas - means colorless, flammable gas. 2. butane gas - is the most dangerous substance because it contains carcinogen 3. carcinogen - is a substance that causes cancer. Are you aware of the Global Warming? Do you feel the heat of the sun becoming more intense, especially during summer time? It is due to the continuous depletion of the Ozone Layer. And the depleted ozone layer is caused by aerosol, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon) and air pollution. The presence of CFCs in the atmosphere can destroy millions of ozone molecules. The destruction of the ozone molecules can cause black hole on the ozone layer which allow the ultraviolet radiation to pass through it down to earth’s surface. Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 45 Ultraviolet rays coming from the sun penetrates the earth causing us harmful effects. Exposure to the unabsorbed ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancer. b. CFC - chlorofluorocarbon is a combination of the following components: 1. chlorine - it is a poisonous gas that is highly irritating to the respiratory organ. 2. Fluorine – a toxic gas that occurs with the combination of fluorite, enyolite and other minerals. 3. carbon atoms The above mentioned chemicals do not combine easily with other substances and only vaporize at low temperature. An excessive use may destroy the ozone layer which protects the earth from ultraviolet rays of the sun.