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Guatemalan Coup
Quiz by Brett Fry
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âWhich American company owned half a million acres of land, the railroads, the ports, and the telecommunications of Guatemala?
The United Fruit Company
Chevron
Amazon
Ford
âWhat kind of reform did Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz do that hurt the United Fruit Company?
Land reform to peasants
Military buildup
Lower Taxes
Immigration
Which American company owned half a million acres of land, the railroads, the ports, and the telecommunications of Guatemala?
What kind of reform did Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz do that hurt the United Fruit Company?
Why might it be an issue for both the the CIA director and the head of the State Department to be associates of the United Fruit Company?
Which United States government agency orchestrated the terror campaign against Guatemala?
Following the United States overthrow of Arbenz government, what sort of treatment were his supporters or opposers of the new government given?
Honduras is a Central American nation bordered by Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. The Caribbean Sea forms its northern coastline. The Pacific Ocean borders a small southern strip of land. Almanaque Nombre oficial: RepĂșblica de Honduras Ărea total: 112.090 km2 PoblaciĂłn: 9.038.741 Ciudad capital: Tegucigalpa Moneda: lempira Lenguas: español, dialectos amerindios Early History Explorer Christopher Columbus came to Honduras in 1502 on his fourth trip to the New World. As was the case in North America, Honduras, in Central America, had been home to many native indigenous groups including the Sumu and Lenca. Some estimates suggest an indigenous population of up to 2,000,000 before the Europeans arrived. Among these indigenous groups were the Maya. Their civilization spread from the YucatĂĄn area of Mexico to Hondurasâ ancient city of CopĂĄn. Spainâs conquest of Honduras began in 1525, but it was not easy. It took until 1539 to fully conquer it. There were conflicts with the native population, who were forced into labor. Many died from disease and abuse. Others were enslaved and sent to the Caribbean islands. In addition, there were pirate attacks and in-fighting among the Spaniards. Phawat/Shutterstock Gold and silver deposits were discovered in Honduras in the 1530s, attracting more settlers. By the mid-16th century, mining was an important industry, mainly in the towns of Gracias and Comayagua. More native labor was needed, taking its toll on the dwindling indigenous population. As a solution, enslaved Africans were introduced in the 1540s. This was well before 1619, when enslaved Africans first arrived in Jamestown in the American colonies. The 17th century was filled with conflicts, primarily between the Spanish and the British. Britain wanted to establish colonies on the Caribbean coast of Honduras. They eventually seized the coast with help from the native Sambo and Miskito peoples. However, Spain later regained control. Independence In the early 1800s in Honduras, resentment toward Spain grew. One reason was that Honduras was subject to more taxes to help pay for conflicts that were happening between Spain and France. Other Spanish colonies were also increasingly resentful toward Spain. In 1776 in North America, the 13 colonies banded together to declare their independence from Britain. Similarly, Honduras joined other Central American provinces. Together, they declared independence from Spain on September 15, 1821. Honduras briefly became a part of Mexico, but in 1823, it became independent from Mexico. It then joined the United Provinces of Central America. This included other former Spanish colonies: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. But the federation did not last, partially due to divisions in political beliefs. In 1838, Honduras declared its independence from the federation. By the early 1900s, the United States had economic interests in Honduras. American fruit corporations like the Standard Fruit Company and United Fruit Company began investing in Honduras to export bananas. To protect American investments, the United States became more involved in Hondurasâ political affairs. When Nicaragua appeared to threaten the stability in Honduras, US President Taft sent forces to Honduras to protect American interests. The Great Depression caused economic havoc in the United States and elsewhere. In Honduras, this meant economic problems and political turmoil. During this time, General Tiburcio CarĂas Andino was elected president, in 1932. He worked to strengthen the military and pay off Honduran debt. Yet he also worked to gather and maintain his own power. He changed the constitution so that he could extend his term in office as president until 1949. His advanced age and pressure from the United States forced him to allow free elections in 1948. General Francisco MorazĂĄn In 1823, Honduras joined the United Provinces of Central America. In 1830, Tegucigalpa-born General JosĂ© Francisco MorazĂĄn was elected president of the federation. He remained president until just before the federation disbanded in 1840. aalezk/Shutterstock MorazĂĄn favored liberal policies and the reduced power of the church. MorazĂĄn was a self-educated man. He recognized the importance of education and the need for schools in Honduras. He believed that girls and boys should have an equal opportunity for education. During his presidency, he tried to make improvements in education. He opened schools that were free to attend. In addition to improving education, he established a system of trial by jury. It was based on the Livingston Code, created in Louisiana. This was a set of reforms to the system of legal punishment. Today, Honduras celebrates the Day of the Honduran Soldier on October 3, MorazĂĄnâs birthday. This holiday honors MorazĂĄn for his fight for democracy, liberalism, and the nation. Modern Honduras The last half of the 20th century was a political rollercoaster. There were various coups (government takeovers), conflicts, and changing leaders. Starting in 1963, Honduras was primarily led by military governments. This continued for almost 20 years. In 1969, Honduras fought a four-day war with El Salvador. The conflict was over immigration and the shared border. Though the war was brief, the two nations didnât sign a peace treaty until 1980. With the election of president Roberto Suazo CĂłrdova in 1981, Honduras returned to a civilian government. In the 1980s Honduras was tangled in conflicts of Nicaragua and El Salvador, partly because of the United States. Nicaraguan Contras, who wanted to overthrow the Sandinista government in Nicaragua, were using US-approved bases in Honduras. The United States was also running training camps in Honduras for Salvadoran forces facing their own civil war. This sparked anti-American protests and a desire to reduce the US presence in Honduras. Over the next few decades, Honduras continued to experience political instability. In 2009, President Manuel Zelaya was removed from power by a military coup. People were upset because he called for a referendum to change the constitution. The international community condemned this coup. As a result, Honduras cut diplomatic ties with several countries. In 2010, the United States recognized President Porfirio Lobo Sosa as a democratically elected leader. He was followed by Juan Orlando HernĂĄndez in 2014. However, protests in 2015 called for his resignation over claims of campaign fraud. In 2017, Orlando HernĂĄndez was re-elected in a disputed election.đ Spanish Preterite Tense & Guatemalan Culture Quiz Grammar (1â15) Yo _____ (hablar) con mi abuela ayer. A. hablĂ© B. hablaba C. habla D. hablĂ©ste ÂżCuĂĄl es la forma correcta de comer en la 3ÂȘ persona plural en el pretĂ©rito? A. comĂan B. comieron C. comeron D. comaban Nosotros _____ (vivir) en MĂ©xico por dos años. A. vivimos B. vivĂamos C. vivieron D. viviste TĂș _____ (jugar) al fĂștbol el sĂĄbado, Âżverdad? A. jugabas B. juegas C. jugaste D. jugasteis ÂżCuĂĄl es la forma correcta de buscar en la primera persona singular del pretĂ©rito? A. buscĂ© B. busquĂ© C. busco D. buscaba Ellos _____ (almorzar) muy tarde. A. almorzaban B. almorzaron C. almorzaste D. almorzĂł Yo no _____ (pagar) mucho por este libro. A. pagĂ© B. paguĂ© C. pago D. pagaba ÂżQuĂ© forma es correcta para el verbo hacer con "ella" en el pretĂ©rito? A. hace B. hizo C. hacĂa D. hizo Mis amigos y yo _____ (dar) una fiesta el viernes. A. dimos B. daban C. dieron D. dĂĄbamos ÂżTĂș _____ (ver) la pelĂcula anoche? A. veĂas B. viste C. vistes D. verĂĄs ÂżCuĂĄl es la forma correcta de ser en la primera persona del singular en el pretĂ©rito? A. soy B. fui C. era D. serĂ© Nosotros _____ (ir) al museo el domingo pasado. A. Ăbamos B. fuimos C. vamos D. vamos a ir Ella _____ (escribir) una carta a su abuela. A. escribĂa B. escribiĂł C. escribĂ© D. escribĂł ÂżCuĂĄl es la forma correcta de leer con âellosâ en el pretĂ©rito? A. leyeron B. leĂan C. leyeran D. leĂeron TĂș no me _____ (dar) el nĂșmero correcto. A. das B. diste C. dabas D. diste Culture (16â20) ÂżQuĂ© son los barriletes gigantes que se ven en Guatemala el 1 y 2 de noviembre? A. Instrumentos musicales tradicionales B. Comidas tĂpicas del DĂa de Muertos C. Cometas artesanales usadas para honrar a los muertos D. Fuegos artificiales usados en bodas ÂżDĂłnde se celebra principalmente el festival de barriletes gigantes? A. Antigua y Chichicastenango B. Santiago y Sumpango C. Ciudad de Guatemala y Tikal D. Quetzaltenango y CobĂĄn ÂżCuĂĄndo ocurriĂł la Guerra Civil Guatemalteca? A. 1910â1925 B. 1944â1954 C. 1960â1996 D. 1980â2000 ÂżQuiĂ©n es Rigoberta MenchĂș? A. Una cantante famosa guatemalteca B. Una lĂder indĂgena y defensora de los derechos humanos C. Una polĂtica que fue presidenta D. Una artista de barriletes ÂżPor quĂ© recibiĂł Rigoberta MenchĂș el Premio Nobel de la Paz? A. Por su mĂșsica tradicional B. Por su arte textil C. Por su lucha por los derechos de los pueblos indĂgenas D. Por su carrera polĂtica en el congresoGuatemalaGuatemala QuizPreguntas Sobre Guatemala Voces 1 C2 GuatemalaDepartamento de GuatemalaPoblaciĂłn de Guatemala