Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Russia, France, and Britain

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

WWI alliance of Britain, France, and Russia, and later joined by Italy, the United States, and others.

Overseas __________ divided European nations as they fought for new colonies

The French yearned for the return of __________ and __________ territories

Russia supported a powerful form of nationalism called ____-_________.

Pan-Slavism led Russia to support nationalists in ___________

_____________ worried that nationalism might lead to rebellions within its empire

Unrest made the Balkans a "_______ _____"

A Serbian nationalist _______________ the heir to the Austrian throne at Sarajevo, Bosnia.

Austrian leaders saw the assassination of the Archduke as an opportunity to crush __________ _____________

Austria-Hungary sent an ______________ , which Serbia refused to meet completely

Austria-Hungary, with the full support of __________, declared war on Serbia in July 1914

Russia, in support of Serbia, began to ______________ its army. Germany declared war on Russia

_________ claimed it would honor its treaty with Russia, so Germany declared war on them

When the Germans violated ___________ neutrality to reach France

___________ declared war on Germany when the Germans violated Belgian neutrality

Both sides dug deep __________ along the battlefront to protect their armies from enemy fire

________________ made WWI different from earlier wars. Modern weapons caused high casualties

In 1915, first Germany then the Allies began using poison _____.

German submarines, called _______, did tremendous damage to the Allied shipping

Casualties were ________ in the Eastern Front

The Ottoman Empire's strategic location enabled it to cut off Allied supply lines to Russia through the ______________

______ _____________ revolted against Ottoman rule.

The British sent ________________ to aid Arab nationalism

European __________ in Africa and Asia were also drawn into the war when they were promised independence

WWI was a _______ _____, in which the participants channeled all their resources into the war effort

Both sides set up systems to recruit, arm, transport, and supply their armies. Nations imposed universal military ___________, or "the draft," requiring all young men to be ready to fight

___________ played a crucial war in WWI as millions of men left to fight, they took over their jobs and kept national economies going

International law allowed wartime blockades to confiscate ___________, but British blockades kept ships from carrying supplies, such as food, in and out of Germany

In retaliation for British blockades, German u-boats torpedoed the British passenger liner ____________

Both sides used propaganda to control public opinion, circulating tales of ___________, some true and others completely made up

As time passed, ____ ________ set in. Long casualty lists, food shortages, and the failure to win led to calls for peace

In Russia, stories of incompetent generals and corruption eroded public confidence and contributed to ____________

Until 1917, The USA had been ________, but declared war on Germany for their unrestricted submarine warfare and to support Britain/France

US President during WWI; created the 14 points and League of Nations

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

After the kaiser stepped down, the new German government sought an ___________ with the Allies

also known as the Spanish flu or influenza; killed over 20 million people worldwide between 1918 and 1919

______________ costs and war debts would burden an already battered world after the war

The Allied blamed the war on their defeated foes and insisted that they make ____________

Governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the _________ __________.

1919 meeting of the Allies at the end of WWI, concluded with Treaty of Versailles; Central Powers were not allowed to attend

Out of the chaos of post-war, ___________ dreamed of building a new social order

French leader Georges Clemenceau wanted to punish __________ severely for the war. France also wanted security from future attacks

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League.

Many colonies felt __________ by the peacemakers

New __________ emerged where the German, Austrian, and Russian empires had once ruled

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Means "minority". Tried to take power from Bolsheviks in Civil war beginning in 1918, but did not succeed.

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin, where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars

Russian peasant monk who was able to influence Russian politics by gaining the confidence of the tsarina

Russian uprising in 1917 against shortages and the mounting toll of World War I. Nicholas II abdicated the throne, and a provisional government was established.

Uprising in which the Bolsheviks, led by Trotsky and Lenin, claimed power in name of the soviets and proclaimed a full-scale revolution with support of workers and troops

Bolshevik army

Counter-revolutionary forces in Russia who wished to drive out the Bolsheviks from power; mix of loyal tsarist supporters, moderate socialists, and foreign capitalists

1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.

The slogan used by Lenin to win the support of the soldiers, peasants, and workers

The Bolsheviks were renamed "_________"

The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the tsar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

A political state after socialism without social classes, property ownership, and even government. Workers labor out of a desire to help their fellow human beings. All wealth is shared.

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

A story about the Bolshevik revolution written by George Orwell. "All Animals are Equal" and later: "but some are more equal than others"

communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty

Red Army's strategic advantage

treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in WWI.

1921; Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry

A secret police initiated by the Bolsheviks aimed at getting rid of all opposition to the Bolsheviks

A temporary government created by the Duma after the abdication of the tsar; it made the decision to remain in World War One, costing it the support of the soviets and the people.

Leader of the provisional government in Russia after the fall of the tsar; kept Russia in World War I and resisted major reforms; overthrown by Bolsheviks at the end of 1917.

Full name of USSR

After Lenin died in 1924, he defeated Trotsky to gain power in the U.S.S.R. He created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry. He tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death.

In the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin

Chinese revolutionary and first founding father of Republic of China; stepped down in 1912

China fell into ______ when local warlords seized power and the economy fell apart

An ultimatum presented by Japan to China primarily requiring China to give over some former German possessions in China

Chinese nationalists protest 21 Demands and students led a cultural and intellectual rebellion

Leaders of the May 4th Movement rejected ________ _________; others embraced Marxism

Nationalist party of China initially led by Sun Yat-sen

To defeat the warlords Sun Yat-sen joined forces with the Chinese _____________

assumed leadership of the Guomindang after the death of Sun Yat-sen

1934 retreat by Mao Zedong and his communist followers from the Guomindang

Mao's soldiers fought back against the Guomindang using ___________ tactics

While Chiang Kai-shek pursued the communists across China, the Japanese invaded __________

Japanese troops killed 100,000-300,000 people in 6 weeks. Experts estimate that 20,000 women and were raped

Japan's ____________ grew during WWI based on the export of goods to the Allies and increased production

In the 1920s, the Japanese govt. moved toward greater _____________ as all adult men gained the right to vote, regardless of social class

Despite great democratic freedoms, the ___________, a group of powerful business leaders, manipulated politicians and push for increased militarism

Depression fed the discontent of the Japanese military and the extreme nationalists, or ___________________. They rejected Western limits on expansion

In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers set explosives off in Manchuria. They blamed _________ and used it as an excuse to invade

To please the ultra-nationalists, the Japanese govt suppressed most democratic ___________

Problems after WWI led to ___________ ideas becoming more popular

built before WW2 to protect France's eastern border from Germany

France insisted on strict enforcement of the Treaty of ____________

_________-_________ _______ promised to "renounce war as an instrument of national policy"

The _________ __ ___________ did not have the power to stop aggression and ambitious dictators in Europe noted this weakness

Both Britain and France owed huge war debts to the ______ and relied on reparation payments from Germany to pay their loans

Many nations were deeply in debt, with high _______________ and low wages following WWI

Better technologies allowed factories to make more products faster, leading to _________________

organizer of the Italian Fascist party

Mussolini's supporters, the ________ _________, rejected democratic methods and favored violence for solving problems

In the 1922 _________ on ________, tens of thousands of Fascists swarmed the capital and Mussolini was asked to form a govt as prime minister

Mussolini soon suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections, and replaced elected officials with __________

In 1929, Mussolini also received support from the ________

In a totalitarian form of govt, a one-party _____________ attempts to control every aspect of the lives of its citizens

an underlying ideology of any centralized, authoritarian governmental system that is not communist

Fascism is rooted in __________ nationalism

Communists favor international action and the creation of a ______________ society

Both Communism and Fascism flourish during __________ hard times

Fascism appealed to Italians because it restored national pride, provided ____________, and ended the political feuding that had paralyzed democracy in Italy

An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.

Stalin's secret police

Wealthy peasants forced by Soviets to give up land to government

large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group until

The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.

Artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light

the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union

Soviet communists destroyed the old social order. Instead of creating a society of __________, they became the elites of the new society

was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow to spread world revolution

Was the democratic government which ruled over Germany from 1919 to 1933. Germany's first democracy and it failed miserably.

The Weimar Constitution established a parliamentary system led by a ___________

Germany could not pay its war reparations and govt actions led to ___________ and skyrocketing prices. The German mark was almost worthless.

Adolf Hitler was born in __________, failed secondary school and was rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts

Full name of Nazi Party = ___________

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

'My Struggle' by Hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Hitler realized that the way to power was through _________ means, not through violent overthrow of the govt

Hitler was known to the German people as their __________ (leader)

The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.

German secret police

Germany's young men and women who joined the Nazi political party and pledged their allegiance to Germany and Adolf Hitler. Children were brainwashed and convinced of German superiority

Nazi leader of the SS and Gestapo during the Third Reich. Hitler's right hand man.

the pure Germanic race, used by the Nazis to suggest a superior non-Jewish Caucasian typified by height, blonde hair, blue eyes

Nazis ordered all Jews to wear for identification

"Night of Shattered Glass" when Nazis burned Jewish synagogues and destroyed thousands of Jewish businesses.

Throughout the 1930s and leading up to WWII, ___________ took aggressive action in Europe

The _________ __ _____________ condemned Japan's invasion of Manchuria, but Japan simply withdrew

Mussolini's armies invaded ___________ in 1935

The League of Nations had no _________ to enforce punishment of Mussolini or Hitler

Appeasement developed for a number of reasons, including widespread ___________

Germany, Italy, and Japan formed this alliance

The fascist leader of Spain. Spain became the world's battlefield in a bloody civil war in the lead up to WWII.

Hitler and Nazi Germany sought Anschluss, or _________, with Austria

The Sudetenland was part of ______________ where 3 million Germans lived

Famous conference which leaders discussed the Sudeten Crisis. Leaders chose the policy of appeasement and allowed Hitler to annex territory

Join or merge territory into an existing political unit such as a country or state

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

The Nazi-Soviet Pact paved the way for Germany's invasion of ___________ in Sept 1939, which set off WWII

German Air Force

After Hitler's rapid defeat of Poland, France, Belgium, Norway and other countries, the British evacuated their forces from the beaches at _________

Hitler's right-hand man; head of SS

Nazi Propaganda Minister

One of Hitler's best commanders who was sent to North Africa to wage war; nicknamed the "Desert Fox"

Germany occupied northern France and set up a _________ state

the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it

In the Balkans, German and Italian forces added Greece and ____________ to the growing Axis territory

During World War II, __________ was surrounded and besieged by the German Wehrmacht, which cut off all supplies going into the city and trapping the people inside for 900 days

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

The US declared ___________ at the beginning of the war

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Hawaii. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan, entering World War II.

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause (used widely during WWII)

After defeating the Nazis in North Africa, British and American troops crossed the _______________ sea and landed in Sicily

As the Allies advance, Germany reeled from non-stop, around-the-clock __________

A 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war (foreshadowed a split among the Allies)

May 8, 1945; day when the Germans surrendered

Hitler underestimated the Soviet Union's ability to fight and endure __________

Japanese forced about 60,000 of americans and Philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb

Trials of the Nazi leaders, showed that people are responsible for their actions, even in wartime

An international organization of 50 countries whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945.

After WWII, conflicting ideologies led to a _______ _______ (state of tension and hostility between the US and the Soviet Union)

An area of land that serves as a barrier (desired by Stalin after WWII)

1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe

Western attempts to rebuild Germany triggered a crisis over the city of ___________. The Soviets controlled the east and Western Allies controlled the west

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population

Reference to the period of relaxation or thaw in relations between the superpowers during Khrushchev's rule in the Soviet Union

A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.

the Cold War competition between superpowers to develop more powerful and greater numbers of nuclear weapons

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

"Openness; called for increased transparency in government institutions and activities within the USSR; Mikhail Gorbachev.

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Territory that declared themselves independent from Russia in 1991, but Russia invaded in December 1994 killing mostly civilians. In 1999 conflict rose again and has escalated into terrorism and counterterrorism.

China's second five-year plan under the leadership of the impatient Mao, it aimed to speed up economic development while simultaneously developing a completely socialist society. This plan failed and more than 20 million people starved between 1958 and 1960.

(1966-1976) Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China. The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailings, and the deaths of thousands.

Deng Xiaoping's plan to change China after the disaster of Cultural Revolution. Improve- agriculture, science/technology, defense and industry

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Communist leader of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. He remained in power until 1994.

The four-year period saw the deaths of approximately two million Cambodians through the combined result of political executions, starvation, and forced labour by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge.

a political movement and a force of Cambodian communist guerrillas that gained power in Cambodia in 1975

largest democracy in the world

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

A political group that claims to represent all Palestinians and to be working toward gaining an independent Palestinian nation.

A Palestinian political party founded in 1987, Hamas is an Islamic resistance movement opposed to the state of Israel. In addition to carrying out military activities and suicide bombings, Hamas is active in providing a network of social services and programs to Palestinians.

Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989.

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

A group formed in protest of the policy of Apartheid in South Africa. It was eventually outlawed due to their violent tactics, and Nelson Mandela, one of its leaders, was imprisoned for over thirty years.

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped lead the struggle against apartheid. Elected President in 1994.

The Rwandan Genocide was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi and moderate Hutu in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority. An estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed during the approximate 100-day period.