Hawaiian History/Participation in Democracy

Volcanic Eruptions Earthquakes are sometimes used in predicting volcanic eruptions. An earthquake alerts the authorities to observe a nearby volcano. When a volcano shows signs of eruption, evacuation of the nearby villages should be immediately implemented Active volcanoes are the ones that are usually closely monitored by volcanologists These are commonly located along plate boundaries specifically along the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Philippines is one of the countries that have a lot of volcanoes. The Pacific Ring of Fire is a region in the Pacific where most active volcanoes are located. The dots in the figure represent the active volcanoes in the world. Active volcanoes are those that have a recorded volcanic eruption in their history. There are two types of volcanic eruptions depending on the magma composition: the explosive type and the Hawaiian or nonexplosive type. The types of eruptions depend on the viscosity and amount of dissolved gases in a magma. Explosive eruptions have magma that is highly viscous and contains large amounts of dissolved gases. On the other hand, the Hawaiian type or nonexplosive eruptions have magma that has low viscosity and low amount of dissolved gases. Viscosity determines the ability of magma to flow. The lower the viscosity, the easier it is for the magma to flow. This viscosity of the magma is affected by silica content and temperature. Low-temperature magma with high silica content are highly viscous, high-temperature magma with low silica content has low viscosity. Therefore, in explosive eruptions, the magma could not easily get out of the vent. This impedes the remaining magma below, causing an increase of pressure. Once the pressure is released. an explosive eruption occurs. Volcanic Hazards Explosive volcanic eruptions release pyroclastic flows and materials that are considered to pose the greatest threat. The pyroclastic flows often render people in a shock state since they become overwhelmed with what they are seeing Too much pyroclastic material (eg., tephra), may bury people and severely damage the agricultural land and livestock. Damaged agricultural land could lead to famine. After an eruption, pyroclastic materials that have settled along the slope of the volcano get mixed with rainwater. This would start a mudflow or lahar moving at high speed, destroying everything along its path. Poisonous gases are also released by volcanoes. These gases can be lethal to people, animals, and plants. Just like earthquakes, violent volcanic eruptions may also happen underwater, which can trigger a tsunami.

Early society and accomplishments Origins Knowledge of the early prehistory of Southeast Asia has undergone exceptionally rapid change as a result of archaeological discoveries made since the 1960s, although the interpretation of these findings has remained the subject of extensive debate. Nevertheless, it seems clear that the region has been inhabited from the earliest times. Hominid fossil remains date from approximately 1,500,000 years ago and those of Homo sapiens from approximately 40,000 years ago. Furthermore, until about 7000 bce the seas were some 150 feet (50 metres) lower than they are now, and the area west of Makassar Strait consisted of a web of watered plains that sometimes is called Sundaland. These land connections perhaps account for the coherence of early human development observed in the Hoabinhian culture, which lasted from about 13,000 to 5000 or 4000 bce. The stone tools used by hunting and gathering societies across Southeast Asia during this period show a remarkable degree of similarity in design and development. When the sea level rose to approximately its present level about 6000 bce, conditions were created for a more variegated environment and, therefore, for more extensive differentiation in human development. While migration from outside the region may have taken place, it did not do so in a massive or clearly punctuated fashion; local evolutionary processes and the circulation of peoples were far more powerful forces in shaping the region’s cultural landscape. Technological developments and population expansion Perhaps because of a particular combination of geophysical and climatic factors, early Southeast Asia did not develop uniformly in the direction of increasingly complex societies. Not only have significant hunting and gathering populations continued to exist into the 21st century, but the familiar cultural sequences triggered by such events as the discovery of agriculture or metallurgy do not seem to apply. This is not to say that the technological capabilities of early Southeast Asian peoples were negligible, for sophisticated metalworking (bronze) and agriculture (rice) were being practiced by the end of the 3rd millennium bce in northeastern Thailand and northern Vietnam, and sailing vessels of advanced design and sophisticated navigational skills were spread over a wider area by the same time or earlier. Significantly, these technologies do not appear to have been borrowed from elsewhere but were indigenous and distinctive in character. Austronesian languages Austronesian languagesMajor divisions of the Austronesian languages. These technological changes may partially account for two crucial developments in Southeast Asia’s later prehistory. The first is the extraordinary seaborne expansion of speakers of Proto-Austronesian languages and their descendants, speakers of Austronesian (or Malayo-Polynesian) languages, which occurred over a period of 5,000 years or more and came to encompass a vast area and to stretch nearly half the circumference of Earth at the Equator. This outward movement of people and culture was evolutionary rather than revolutionary, the result of societal preference for small groups and a tendency of groups to hive off once a certain population size had been reached. It began as early as 4000 bce, when Taiwan was populated from the Asian mainland, and subsequently it continued southward through the northern Philippines (3rd millennium bce), central Indonesia (2nd millennium bce), and western and eastern Indonesia (2nd and 1st millennia bce). From approximately 1000 bce on the expansion continued both eastward into the Pacific, where that immense region was populated in a process continuing to about 1000 ce as voyagers reached the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand, and westward, where Malay peoples reached and settled the island of Madagascar sometime between 500 and 700 ce, bringing with them (among other things) bananas, which are native to Southeast Asia. Thus, for a considerable period of time, the Southeast Asian region contributed to world cultural history, rather than merely accepting outside influences, as frequently has been suggested. The second development, which began possibly as early as 1000 bce, centred on the production of fine bronze and the fashioning of bronze-and-iron objects, particularly as they have been found at the site in northern Vietnam known as Dong Son. The earliest objects consisted of socketed plowshares and axes, shaft-hole sickles, spearheads, and such small items as fishhooks and personal ornaments. By about 500 bce the Dong Son culture had begun producing the bronze drums for which it is known. The drums are large objects (some weigh more than 150 pounds [70 kg]), and they were produced by the difficult lost-wax casting process and decorated with fine geometric shapes and depictions of animals and humans. This metal industry was not derived from similar industries in China or India. Rather, the Dong Son period offers one of the most powerful—though not necessarily the only or earliest—examples of Southeast Asian societies transforming themselves into more densely populated, hierarchical, and centralized communities. Since typical drums, either originals or local renditions, have been found throughout Southeast Asia and since they are associated with a rich trade in exotics and other goods, the Dong Son culture also suggests that the region as a whole consisted not of isolated, primitive niches of human settlement but of a variety of societies and cultures tied together by broad and long-extant trading patterns. Although none of these societies possessed writing, some displayed considerable sophistication and technological skill, and, although none appears to have constituted a territorial centralized state, new and more complex polities were forming.

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Types of Marinades Pineapple Marinade - http://bbq.about.com/od/marinaderecipes/tp/Top-10- Pork-Marinade-Recipes.htm This sweet, fruity marinade works great on any cut of pork or chicken. What you get with this marinade is a great Hawaiian Teriyaki flavor. Try this marinade when you are simply placing cut strips of pork or chicken over rice. You can make extra marinade to use as a sauce as long as you keep it separate from the meat LM-Cookery Grade 10 Pork Chop Marinade This is a great Asian style marinade that works well on all cuts of pork, particularly pork chops, reminiscent of a Teriyaki marinade with a hint of heat from the chili sauce. You can, if you like, heat this up with some extra chili sauce or perhaps a pinch of cayenne. Jamaican Jerk Marinade You've heard of Jerk seasonings and Jerk rubs, well this is a jerk marinade that gets that jerk flavor deep into the meat. You can use this marinade on all kinds of meat and poultry. Pork Rib Marinade BBQ Guru posted this marinade recipe to the forum. It uses a pork rub for the seasoning with vinegar and water to turn it into a marinade. Teriyaki Marinade Want to get that great Teriyaki flavor into your favorite dish? This marinade will surely add flavor to whatever you're grilling. This marinade works particularly well with pork and poultry. Pork Chop and Tenderloin Marinade Doug Freeman sent in this marinade recipe for grilled pork. You may leave out the liquid smoke if you are so inclined. Bourbon Marinade This is a great, sweet bourbon marinade that works perfectly on any food. This is a mild marinade so you will want several hours marinating time with it before you grill. Mustard-Vinegar Marinade This is a simple mustard marinade that tenderizes and adds flavor. It works well on pork or poultry.

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