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HF C - Review PT 4
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Chapter 22 Antihypertensive Drugs Hypertension Defined (JNC-8) Pharmacology Overview 7 main categories of drugs to treat HTN Adrenergic drugs (old friend) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) Diuretics Vasodilators Direct renin inhibitors A. Adrenergic Drugs: 5 Subcategories and where they act A1. Adrenergic neuron blockers (central and peripheral)- we won’t talk about this A2. Alpha1 receptor blockers (peripheral) A3. Alpha2 receptor agonists (central) A4. Beta receptor blockers (peripheral) A5. Combined α and β receptor blockers (peripheral) A2. Peripherally Acting Adrenergic DrugAlpha1 Blockers (we’ve met these) Doxazosin, prazosin, alfuzosin Block alpha1-receptors which causes BP to decrease Reduces peripheral vascular resistance and BP by dilating both arterial and venous blood vessels Main Use: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Alpha1 Blockers REMEMBER Tamsulosin (Flomax)* is an α1 blocker BUT *Tamsulosin is not used to control BP, just for BPH. A3. Centrally Acting Adrenergic DrugsAlpha 2 agonist Clonidine and methyldopa 1- Stimulate alpha2-adrenergic receptors. in the brain Decreases sympathetic outflow from the CNS which decreases NE production 2. Stimulate alpha2-adrenergic receptors in kidneys remember alpha 2 opposes alpha 1 Dilates peripheral blood vessels → lowers peripheral resistance → Results in decreased BP So ….Clonidine (Catapres) Used primarily for its ability to decrease blood pressure in an urgent setting Also use in opioid withdrawal as previously discussed Oral (multiple times a day), and topical patch formulations Do not stop abruptly as it may lead to rebound hypertension In reality, Clonidine and methyldopa Not prescribed as first-line home antiHTN drugs High incidence of unwanted adverse effects: orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, and dizziness MIGHT be uses as adjunct drugs after other drugs have failed, in conjunction with other antiHTN such as diuretics A4. Adrenergic Drugs Selective Beta 1 Blockers Metoprolol, Atenolol Reduction of HR through β1 receptor blockade (remember adrenergic blocking of this receptor???) HR results in BP Cause reduced secretion of renin = BP A4. Adrenergic Drugs Selective Beta1 Blockers Nebivolol (Bystolic) Uses: hypertension and HF Action: blocks β1 receptors and produces vasodilatation, which results in a decrease in SVR High doses loses selectivity and blocks both β1 and β2 Less sexual dysfunction All BB- Do not stop abruptly; must be tapered over 1 to 2 weeks A4. Adrenergic Drugs NONSelective Beta Blockers Propranolol Acts equally on β1 and β2 Other uses include situational anxiety associated with public speaking, test taking As mentioned on previous slide, nebivolol at high doses becomes beta nonselective A5. Dual-Action Adrenergic Drugs α1 and β Receptor Blockers Dual antihypertensive effects of reduction in heart rate (beta1 receptor blockade) and vasodilation (alpha1 receptor blockade) Examples are carvedilol (common) and labetalol (not as common) A5. Dual-Action Adrenergic Drugs α1 and β Receptor Blockers Carvedilol (Coreg) Widely used drug that is well tolerated Uses: HTN, mild to moderate HF in conjunction with digoxin, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors Contraindications: severe bradycardia or unstable HF, bronchospastic conditions such as asthma, and various cardiac conduction problems Adrenergic Drugs Indications - HTN But also for Glaucoma (topical) BPH: doxazosin, prazosin, and terazosin (2 for 1) Management of severe HF when used with cardiac glycosides and diuretics Contraindications Acute HF- have to stabilize first MOAIs- yeah doesn’t everything interact with MAOIs? Peptic ulcers Severe liver/kidney disease Asthma (with beta blockers) Adrenergic Drugs: Adverse Effects Orthostatic hypotension 1st-dose syncope Rebound hypertension with abrupt discontinuation Most common: Dry mouth, drowsiness, constipation, sedation Interactions- always check for specific drug interactions Can cause additive CNS depression with alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids Question #1 When administering an alpha-adrenergic drug for hypertension, it is most important for the nurse to assess the patient for the development of what response? Hypotension Hyperkalemia Oliguria Respiratory distress Answer A Hypotension This is a key point in patient education These drugs have strong vasodilating properties and may cause severe hypotension, especially at the beginning of therapy. B. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitorsaka ACE Inhibitors or ACEi Large group of safe and effective drugs Currently are 10 ACEi Often used as first-line drugs for HF and hypertension May be combined with a thiazide diuretic, loop diuretic, or Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) You need to understand the basics ACE Inhibitors: Review RAAS ACE converts angiotensin I, formed through the action of renin, to angiotensin II Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and also induces aldosterone secretion by the adrenal glands Aldosterone stimulates sodium resorption (H20 follows Na Both act to raise BP which causes kidneys to reduce renin production ACEi= Great drug to treat HTN BUT contraindicated in pregnancy (2nd,3rd trimester due to fetal renal damage) and breastfeeding first few weeks after birth B. ACE Inhibitors - PRIL Lisinopril (Prinivil) super common, often the 1st drug Enalapril (Vasotec) also common Captopril (Capoten) great if liver disease present Benazepril (Lotensin) Fosinopril (Monopril) Perindopril (Aceon) Quinapril (Accupril) Ramipril (Altace) Trandolapril (Mavik) Primary Effects of the ACE Inhibitors Prevent Na (and H2O) resorption by inhibiting aldosterone secretion (volume reduction) (GO BACK TO RAAS DIAGRAM) blood volume decreases work of the heart preload, or the left ventricular end-diastolic volume which is important in HF ACE SUMMARY OF ACTIVITY 1) Prevent vasoconstriction caused by angiotensin 2 (2) Prevent aldosterone secretion less sodium and water resorption Cardioprotective Effects of ACEi They slow progression of left ventricular hypertrophy (ventricular remodeling) after MI so considered cardioprotective ACE inhibitors have been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with HF Renal Protective Effects of ACEi ACE inhibitors: reduce glomerular filtration pressure by volume reduction Cardiovascular drug of choice for patients with diabetes since it helps protect kidneys by reducing pressure. Sometimes used low dose for kidney protection with DM without HTN B. ACEi Enalapril (Vasotec) Only ACEi available in both oral and IV Enalapril IV does not require cardiac monitoring Oral enalapril: prodrug (metabolized in liver) Improves patient’s chances of survival after an MI Reduces the incidence of HF B. ACEi Captopril (Capoten) Uses: prevention of ventricular remodeling after MI; reduce the risk of HF after MI Shortest half-life Must be administered multiple times throughout the day so this limits its use Not a prodrug so good for patient with liver disease Question #2 A patient with diabetes has a new prescription for the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. She questions this order because her provider has never told her that she has hypertension. What is the best explanation for this order? The doctor knows best The patient is confused This medication has cardioprotective properties This medication has a protective effect on the kidneys for patients with diabetes Answer D ACE inhibitors have been shown to have a protective effect on the kidneys because they reduce glomerular filtration pressure. This property makes them the cardiovascular drug of choice for patients with diabetes. Question #3 A patient with a history of pancreatitis and cirrhosis is also being treated for hypertension. Which drug will most likely be ordered for this patient? Clonidine Prazosin Diltiazem Captopril Answer D Captopril Captopril is not a prodrug; therefore, it does not need to be metabolized by the liver to be effective. This is an advantage in patients with liver disease. ACE Inhibitors: Adverse Effects *Dry, nonproductive cough, which reverses when therapy is stopped. This is a class effect Dizziness- Note: First-dose hypotensive effect may occur Headache & Fatigue Possible hyperkalemia ** Angioedema: rare but potentially fatal Not safe in pregnancy-are contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy because of increased risk of fetal renal damage C. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers(ARB) Considered an alternative to ACEi Less likely to cause a dry cough and hyper K+ that is common with ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: Mechanism of Action Go back to RAAS diagram! ARBs affect primarily 2 places 1. Vascular smooth muscle - blocks vasoconstriction 2. Adrenal gland -Selectively blocks the binding of Ang 2 to certain Ang 2 receptors inhibiting secretion of aldosterone Lowers volume retention and BP Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers -ARTAN Losartan (Cozaar)- very common Eprosartan (Teveten) Valsartan (Diovan) Irbesartan (Avapro) Candesartan (Atacand) Olmesartan (Benicar) Telmisartan (Micardis) Azilsartan (Edarbi) C. ARB Losartan (Cozaar) Beneficial in patients with HTN and HF Used with caution in patients with kidney or liver dysfunction and in patients with renal artery stenosis ***Not safe for breastfeeding women and should not be used in pregnancy (Cat C 1st trimester, Cat D 2nd-3rd trimester), potential fetal toxicity Appear to be equally effective for the treatment of hypertension and well tolerated ARBs less likely to cause cough and hyperK+ but can still happen Evidence that ARBs are associated with lower mortality after MI than ACE inhibitors Never take ACEi and ARBs at the same time* 5. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) Primary use: HTN, angina, some dysrhythmias Cause smooth muscle relaxation by blocking the binding of calcium to its receptors, preventing muscle contraction Results in: Relaxed blood vessels to the heart Decreased peripheral smooth muscle tone Decreased SVResistance Decreased BP E. Diuretics First-line antiHTN in JNC 8 guidelines Decreases fluid volume The results from diuresis: preload, Peripheral resistance Overall effect Decreased workload of the heart and decreased BP Thiazide diuretics are the most commonly used diuretics for HTN Ie hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), chlorthalidone We will discuss diuretics further in the chapter on diuretics F. Vasodilators Directly relax arterial or venous smooth muscle (or both) Results in: Decreased SVR Decreased afterload Peripheral vasodilation Indicated for treatment of HTN May be used in combination with other drugs F. Vasodilators Hydralazine (Apresoline) Orally: routine cases of essential hypertension Injectable: hypertensive emergencies BiDil: specifically indicated as an adjunct for treatment of HF in African-American patients F. Vasodilators Sodium Nitroprusside (Nitropress) *Sodium nitroprusside and IV diazoxide are reserved for the management of hypertensive emergencies. Contraindications: severe HF, known inadequate cerebral perfusion (especially during neurosurgical procedures) F. Vasodilators Adverse Effects Hydralazine: dizziness, headache, tachycardia, edema, dyspnea, N/V/D, vitamin B6 deficiency, rash Sodium nitroprusside: hypotension, bradycardia, decreased platelet aggregation, rash G. Direct Renin Inhibitors Aliskirin (Tekturna) Blocks the RAS pathway at the point of activation. Inhibiting renin production prevents the downstream production of Ang II (potent vasoconstrictor) Adverse effects: N/V, severe hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia… Contraindicated in patients with DM taking ACEi or ARB Miscellaneous Antihypertensives Eplerenone (Inspra) Newer class of drugs called selective aldosterone blockers (remember RAAS?) Reduces BP by blocking the actions of aldosterone at its corresponding receptors in the kidney, heart, blood vessels, and brain Indications: routine treatment of hypertension and for post-MI HF Contraindicated if serum potassium levels are high (above 5.6 mEq/L) A Special Form of HTNTreatment of Pulmonary Hypertension Sildenafil and Tadalafil Commonly used for erectile dysfunction Used for pulmonary hypertension but with different trade names Sildenafil: Revatio* (Viagra for ED) Tadalafil: Adcirca* (Cialis for ED)
HF C Unit 5
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English Adventure My Body unit 5- a,b,c,t,s,m,l,g,h,f,p,i,e
RED HFC de Tigo
Există trei tipuri principale ale mediului de cupru utilizat în rețelistică: • Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) - Torsadat neecranat • Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) - Torsadat Ecranat • Coaxial Aceste cabluri coaxiale sunt utilizate pentru a interconecta nodurile într-un LAN sau echipamentele de infrastructură precum switchuri, routere și puncte de acces wireless. Fiecare tip de conexiune și echipamentele însoțitoare au cerințe de cablare stipulate de standardele layer-ului fizic. Standardele layer-ului fizic specifică utilizarea diferiților conectori. Aceste standarde specifică dimensiunile mecanice ale conectorilor și proprietățile electrice acceptabile pentru fiecare tip. Mediile de rețea folosesc mufe modulare pentru a asigura o conectare și deconectare facilă. De asemenea, poate fi utilizat un singur tip de conector fizic pentru mai multe tipuri de conexiuni. De exemplu, conectorul RJ-45 este utilizat în întreaga lume în LAN-uri cu un tip de mediu și în unele WAN-uri cu un alt tip de mediu. Cablu Torsadat Neecranat Cablarea UTP este mediul cel mai utilizat din rețelistică. Cablarea UTP, terminată cu conectorii RJ-45 este utilizată pentru interconectarea hosturilor din rețea cu echipamente de rețelistică intermediare, precum switchuri și routere. În LAN-uri, cablul UTP constă în patru perechi de fire codate cu culori care au fost înfășurate împreună iar apoi puse într-un înveliș flexibil de plastic care protejează împotriva deteriorărilor fizice minore. Înfășurarea firelor ajută la protecția împotriva interferenței semnalului de la celelalte fire. Așa cum se vede în figură, codurile de culoare identifică perechile individuale și firele din perechi și ajută la terminarea cablului. Cablu Torsadat Ecranat (STP) Acestea asigură o protecție mai bună împotriva zgomotului decât cablarea UTP. În orice caz, comparat cu cablul UTP,cablul STP este mult mai scump și mai dificil de instalat. Ca și cablul UTP, STP folosește un conector RJ-45. Cablul STP combină tehnicile de protecție pentru a contracara EMI și RFI și torsadarea cablurilor pentru a contracara crosstalk-ul. Pentru a beneficia în totalitate de protecție, cablurile STP sunt mufate cu conectori de date STP speciali. În cazul în care cablul nu este împământat corect, ecranarea va acționa ca o antenă și va recepționa semnale nedorite. Există mai multe tipuri diferite de cabluri STP cu caracteristici diferite. În orice caz, există două tipuri de STP: • Cablul STP protejează întregul pachet de fire cu folie, eliminând toată interferența într-o manieră virtuală (cea mai obișnuită). • Cablul STP protejează întregul pachet de fire cu folie, dar și firele individuale cu folie, eliminând toată interferența. Cablul STP arătat folosește patru perechi de fire, fiecare împachetată într-o folie, care este apoi împachetată într-o altă folie metalică. Pentru mulți ani, STP a fost structura de cablare specificată pentru utilizarea în instalațiile de rețea Token Ring. Având în vedere declinul observat pentru Token Ring, cererea pentru cablarea torsadată ecranată a scăzut. În orice caz, noul standard GB pentru Ethernet are o clauză pentru utilizarea cablării STP care furnizează un interes reînnoit pentru cablarea torsadată ecranată. Cablu coaxial Cablul coaxial (coax) își are numele din faptul că are doi conductori care împart aceeași axă. Așa cum se arată în figură, cablul coaxial constă în: • Un conductor din cupru utilizat pentru a transmite semnale electronice. • Conductorul din cupru este înconjurat de un layer din izolație din material plastic. • Materialul de izolare este înconjurat cu o împletitură din cupru sau folie metalică ce se comportă ca un al doilea fir în circuit și ca un scut pentru conductorul intern. Acest layer secundar sau scut reduce și cantitatea de interferență electromagnetică exterioară. • Întregul cablu este acoperit de un înveliș pentru a îl proteja împotriva deteriorărilor fizice minore. Notă:Există tipuri diferite de conectori utilizate cu cablul coaxial. Cablul coaxial a fost utilizat de obicei în televiziunea prin cablu capabilă să transmită într-o singură direcție. A fost utilizată intens și în instalările Ethernet. Deși cablul UTP a înlocuit cablul coaxial în instalările moderne de Ethernet, design-ul cablului coaxial a fost adaptat pentru utilizarea la: • Instalări wirelessCablurile coaxiale atașează antene la echipamentele wireless. Cablul coaxial transportă energia frecvenței radio (RF) între antene și echipamentul radio. • Instalări ale Internetului prin cabluFurnizorii de servicii prin cablu își transformă sistemele unidirecționale în sisteme bidirecționale pentru a asigura conectivitatea la Internet pentru clienții lor. Pentru a asigura aceste servicii, sunt înlocuite porțiuni din cablul coaxial și elementele ce suportă amplificarea cu cabluri din fibră optică. În orice caz, conexiunea finală de la locația clientului și cablarea din interior este tot coaxială. Această utilizare combinată de fibră și cablu coaxial este denumit HFC (hybrid fiber coax).
HF Vocab 1-3
HF Spelling