Question 1

The vegetative part of a mushroom is called

Accepted Answer

c) Mycelium

Answer

b) Stipe

Answer

d) Gill

Answer

a) Cap

Question 2

The reproductive spores of basidiomycete mushrooms are called

Accepted Answer

c) Basidiospores

Answer

d) Oospores

Answer

a) Conidia

Answer

b) Zoospores

Question 3

Oyster mushroom belongs to the genus

Accepted Answer

a) Pleurotus

Answer

b) Agaricus

Answer

c) Morchella

Answer

d) Tuber

Question 4

The fusion of cytoplasm between two compatible hyphae is called

Accepted Answer

b) Plasmogamy

Answer

d) Sporulation

Answer

c) Meiosis

Answer

a) Karyogamy

Question 5

Mushrooms are considered saprophytic because they

Accepted Answer

b) Decompose organic matter

Answer

a) Fix nitrogen

Answer

d) Live in water

Answer

c) Perform photosynthesis

Question 6

The cap of a mushroom is scientifically called

Accepted Answer

b) Pileus

Answer

d) Volva

Answer

a) Stipe

Answer

c) Annulus

Question 7

The ideal humidity range for mushroom cultivation is approximately

Accepted Answer

c) 70–90%

Answer

a) 20–30%

Answer

b) 40–50%

Answer

d) 10–15%

Question 8

Volvariella species are commonly known as

Accepted Answer

c) Paddy straw mushrooms

Answer

d) Morels

Answer

b) Oyster mushrooms

Answer

a) Button mushrooms

Question 9

In mushroom genetics, heterothallism ensures

Accepted Answer

b) Genetic diversity

Answer

c) Clonal propagation

Answer

d) Haploid dominance

Answer

a) Self-fertilization

Question 10

Failure of karyogamy would prevent

Accepted Answer

b) Meiosis and spore formation

Answer

a) Plasmogamy

Answer

d) Compost conditioning

Answer

c) Mycelial growth

Question 11

Spawn in mushroom cultivation refers to

Accepted Answer

c) Vegetative mycelium used for inoculation

Answer

d) Fruiting body

Answer

b) Fertilizer mixture

Answer

a) Mushroom spores

Question 12

Powder spawn is mainly prepared by mixing mycelium with

Accepted Answer

a) Fine compost powder

Answer

b) Water

Answer

d) Sugar solution

Answer

c) Oil

Question 13

Spawn rate refers to

Accepted Answer

b) Quantity of spawn added to substrate

Answer

c) Moisture percentage

Answer

a) Temperature control

Answer

d) Spore count

Question 14

Clumping of grains in spawn preparation is prevented by

Accepted Answer

b) Calcium sulfate (gypsum)

Answer

c) Sugar

Answer

d) Oil

Answer

a) Excess water

Question 15

The main objective of spawn maintenance is to

Accepted Answer

b) Preserve genetic stability and vigor

Answer

a) Increase contamination

Answer

d) Reduce yield

Answer

c) Produce spores

Question 16

Spawn bottles are incubated at temperatures suitable for

Accepted Answer

b) Mycelial colonization

Answer

d) Drying

Answer

a) Spore mutation

Answer

c) Fruit body formation

Question 17

Sterilization of grains for spawn is usually done by

Accepted Answer

b) Autoclaving

Answer

a) Sun drying

Answer

c) Refrigeration

Answer

d) Boiling only

Question 18

Grain spawn is generally prepared using

Accepted Answer

a) Wheat or sorghum grains

Answer

c) Clay

Answer

d) Leaves

Answer

b) Sand

Question 19

Excessive shaking of spawn bottles during incubation may

Accepted Answer

b) Break mycelial network excessively

Answer

a) Improve colonization

Answer

c) Kill contaminants

Answer

d) Increase pH

Question 20

Prolonged storage of spawn at temperatures above 10°C leads to

Accepted Answer

b) Premature aging and reduced viability

Answer

c) Faster fruiting

Answer

a) Increased mycelial vigor

Answer

d) Increased nitrogen

Question 21

The ideal C:N ratio for compost preparation is approximately

Accepted Answer

c) 25–30:1

Answer

d) 50:1

Answer

a) 5:1

Answer

b) 10:1

Question 22

Short method of composting is completed in approximately

Accepted Answer

b) 10–15 days

Answer

a) 5–7 days

Answer

d) 45 days

Answer

c) 30 days

Question 23

Phase II composting mainly ensures

Accepted Answer

b) Pasteurization and conditioning

Answer

c) Fruiting

Answer

d) Harvesting

Answer

a) Casing preparation

Question 24

The recommended spawning rate for button mushroom is about

Accepted Answer

c) 5–7%

Answer

a) 0.5%

Answer

d) 20%

Answer

b) 1–2%

Question 25

A commonly used casing mixture is

Accepted Answer

b) Soil + farmyard manure

Answer

d) Wheat straw

Answer

a) Sand only

Answer

c) Clay only

Question 26

The pH of casing soil is maintained around

Accepted Answer

c) 7–8

Answer

b) 5–6

Answer

a) 3–4

Answer

d) 10

Question 27

Supplementation after composting is done to

Accepted Answer

b) Enhance nutrient content

Answer

d) Sterilize compost

Answer

a) Increase moisture

Answer

c) Reduce temperature

Question 28

First flush of mushrooms usually appears after

Accepted Answer

c) 15–20 days after casing

Answer

a) 5 days of spawning

Answer

b) 10 days of casing

Answer

d) 2 months

Question 29

Harvesting is done at

Accepted Answer

b) Button stage before veil breaks

Answer

c) After spore dispersal

Answer

a) Fully opened cap stage

Answer

d) Decay stage

Question 30

Yield is commonly expressed as

Accepted Answer

b) Biological efficiency

Answer

c) Spore ratio

Answer

d) Casing ratio

Answer

a) Nitrogen efficiency

Question 31

Oyster mushrooms are classified as

Accepted Answer

a) Primary decomposers of lignocellulosic waste

Answer

c) Photosynthetic organisms

Answer

d) Parasites only

Answer

b) Nitrogen fixers

Question 32

Soaking straw before sterilization mainly helps to

Accepted Answer

c) Achieve uniform moisture content

Answer

a) Remove lignin

Answer

b) Increase contamination

Answer

d) Decrease spawn rate

Question 33

The main purpose of pasteurization is to

Accepted Answer

b) Reduce competing microorganisms

Answer

c) Increase nitrogen

Answer

d) Dry the straw

Answer

a) Completely sterilize substrate

Question 34

Chemical pasteurization of substrate may involve

Accepted Answer

a) Formalin

Answer

c) Sodium chloride

Answer

b) Hydrochloric acid

Answer

d) Alcohol only

Question 35

Mycelial colonization of substrate is called

Accepted Answer

b) Spawn run

Answer

a) Fruiting

Answer

c) Sporulation

Answer

d) Germination

Question 36

Mushroom house for Pleurotus should provide

Accepted Answer

b) Good ventilation and humidity

Answer

d) Low oxygen

Answer

a) High direct sunlight

Answer

c) High heat

Question 37

Shelving arrangement in mushroom house helps in

Accepted Answer

b) Maximizing space utilization

Answer

a) Reducing contamination

Answer

d) Reducing humidity

Answer

c) Increasing pH

Question 38

Pinheads in Pleurotus are formed due to

Accepted Answer

b) Environmental change

Answer

c) Contamination

Answer

d) Excess water

Answer

a) High nitrogen

Question 39

Relative humidity required during fruiting is approximately

Accepted Answer

c) 70–90%

Answer

b) 40–50%

Answer

d) 100%

Answer

a) 20–30%

Question 40

Fruiting is initiated mainly by

Accepted Answer

c) Light and fresh air

Answer

b) High CO₂

Answer

a) Complete darkness

Answer

d) High temperature

Question 41

Dry bubble disease in white button mushroom is caused by

Accepted Answer

a) Verticillium fungicola

Answer

d) Mycogone perniciosa

Answer

c) Pseudomonas tolaasii

Answer

b) Trichoderma harzianum

Question 42

Wet bubble disease is caused by

Accepted Answer

b) Mycogone perniciosa

Answer

d) Penicillium species

Answer

c) Aspergillus species

Answer

a) Cladobotryum species

Question 43

Cobweb disease is caused by

Accepted Answer

a) Cladobotryum species

Answer

d) Fusarium species

Answer

b) Trichoderma species

Answer

c) Bacillus species

Question 44

Green mould in mushroom cultivation is mainly caused by

Accepted Answer

b) Trichoderma species

Answer

d) Aspergillus

Answer

a) Rhizopus

Answer

c) Mucor

Question 45

Bacterial blotch (brown spot) is caused by

Accepted Answer

a) Pseudomonas tolaasii

Answer

d) Salmonella

Answer

b) Bacillus subtilis

Answer

c) E. coli

Question 46

Nematodes affect mushroom cultivation by

Accepted Answer

b) Feeding on fungal mycelium

Answer

d) Enhancing fruiting

Answer

a) Increasing compost fertility

Answer

c) Improving aeration

Question 47

Abiotic disorders are caused by

Accepted Answer

c) Environmental stress

Answer

d) Fungi

Answer

a) Bacteria

Answer

b) Viruses

Question 48

Canning of mushrooms involves

Accepted Answer

b) Heat processing in sealed containers

Answer

c) Refrigeration only

Answer

d) Chemical fumigation

Answer

a) Drying only

Question 49

Integrated pest management (IPM) in mushrooms focuses on

Accepted Answer

b) Combination of hygiene, monitoring, and minimal chemicals

Answer

d) High pesticide use

Answer

a) Only chemical control

Answer

c) No monitoring

Question 50

Brown spot severity increases with

Accepted Answer

b) Excess surface moisture

Answer

c) Dry casing

Answer

a) Low humidity

Answer

d) Low CO₂

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