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India's Muslim Empires - Day 1
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YouGov found 44 per cent were proud of Britain's history of colonialism, with 21 per cent regretting it happened and 23 per cent holding neither view. The same poll also found 43 per cent believed the British Empire was a good thing, 19 per cent said it was bad and 25 per cent said it was "neither". At its height in 1922, the British empire governed a fifth of the world's population and a quarter of the world's total land area. Although the proponents of Empire say it brought various economic developments to parts of the world it controlled, critics point to massacres, famines and the use of concentration camps by the British Empire. 1. Boer concentration camps During the Second Boer War (1899-1902), the British rounded up around a sixth of the Boer population - mainly women and children - and detained them in camps, which were overcrowded and prone to outbreaks of disease, with scant food rations. Of the 107,000 people interned in the camps, 27,927 Boers died, along with an unknown number of black Africans. 2. Amritsar massacre When peaceful protesters defied a government order and demonstrated against British colonial rule in Amritsar, India, on 13 April 1919, they were blocked inside the walled Jallianwala Gardens and fired upon by Gurkha soldiers. The soldiers, under the orders of Brigadier Reginald Dyer, kept firing until they ran out of ammunition, killing between 379 and 1,000 protesters and injuring another 1,100 within 10 minutes. Brigadier Dyer was later lauded a hero by the British public, who raised £26,000 for him as a thank you. 3. Partitioning of India In 1947, Cyril Radcliffe was tasked with drawing the border between India and the newly created state of Pakistan over the course of a single lunch. After Cyril Radcliffe split the subcontinent along religious lines, uprooting over 10 million people, Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India were forced to escape their homes as Some estimates suggest up to one million people lost their lives in sectarian killings. 4. Mau Mau Uprising Thousands of elderly Kenyans, who claim British colonial forces mistreated, raped and tortured them during the Mau Mau Uprising (1951-1960), have launched a £200m damages claim against the UK Government. Members of the Kikuyu tribe were detained in camps, since described as "Britain's gulags" or concentration camps, where they allege they were systematically tortured and suffered serious sexual assault. Estimates of the deaths vary widely: historian David Anderson estimates there were 20,000, whereas Caroline Elkins believes up to 100,000 could have died. 5. Famines in India Between 12 and 29 million Indians died of starvation while it was under the control of the British Empire, as millions of tons of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged in India. In 1943, up to four million Bengalis starved to death when Winston Churchill diverted food to British soldiers and countries such as Greece while a deadly famine swept through Bengal. Talking about the Bengal famine in 1943, Churchill said: “I hate Indians. They are a beastly people with a beastly religion. The famine was their own fault for breeding like rabbits.”11. Council - An appointed or elected body of people with an administrative, advisory or representative function 12. On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji and his followers marched over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi to break the Salt Law. 13. The Government of India Act of 1935 prescribed Provincial Autonomy & the Government announced elections to the Provincial Legislatures in 1937. 14. In August 1942, the Quit India Movement was led against the British in India by Mahatma Gandhi. He gave the slogan "do or die" to the people of India. 15. The Muslim League decided to strengthen Pakistan's Demand & it announced the 16th of August 1946 as "Direct Action Day".Religions Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity are all practiced within Southeast Asia. Buddhism, particularly the more orthodox Theravada form, dominates the religious pattern of most of the mainland; only in northern Vietnam is the more liberal Mahayana Buddhism more common. Islam is predominant in the southern half of the Malay Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago, and the southern Philippines. As a result of the large Muslim population in Indonesia, Islam is the religion of some two-fifths of Southeast Asians. The diffusion of the religion began in the early 14th century through contact with Muslim traders in northern Sumatra. Perhaps more than any of the other religions, Islam has been a strong force in binding together its adherents. It has profoundly affected cultural, social, political, and economic matters in areas where it is practiced. The spread of Christianity came with European contact. Roman Catholicism was introduced to insular Southeast Asia by the Spanish and the Portuguese in the 16th century and somewhat later to the Indochinese Peninsula by the French. Catholicism is most important in the Philippines and southern Vietnam. Protestantism also is locally important. The Batak and Minangkabau peoples in Sumatra and a growing number of Chinese in Singapore and elsewhere adhere to various Protestant denominations. Hinduism, once much more widespread, now is practiced by many people in the region’s Indian communities. In addition, this religion, modified by animism and other influences, is the primary faith on the island of Bali in Indonesia. Various forms of animism also are practiced in the region’s more remote areas, particularly in central Borneo, northern Laos, and northern Myanmar.India's Caste SystemIndia’s cultural roots India's nuclear policyIndia's Foreign PolicyIndia's role in the United Nation