a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the United States in the mid-1800s

a company that completely dominates an industry

a corporate expansion strategy that involves joining together as many companies from the same industry as possible

a corporate expansion strategy that involves controlling each step in the production and distribution of a product, from acquiring raw materials to manufacturing, packaging, and shipping

an idea, based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, that the best-run businesses led by the most capable people will survive and prosper

a business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods

a business leader who contributed positively to the country in some way (philanthropy - donating to charities)

a group of workers organized to protect the interests of its members

the assimilation of immigrants into American society, a goal of some patriotic groups who feared that increased immigration threatened American society and values

Inspection station for Asian immigrants arriving on the West Coast

an law prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers and preventing Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens; the first U.S. immigration restriction based solely on nationality or race lasted 61 years

An immigrant receiving station, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

the policy of favoring the interests of native-born American citizens against those of immigrants.

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Standard Oil, ruthlessly formed monopolies and trusts. First billionaire,

A Scottish immigrant who made a fortune in steel and donated most of his profits.

Movement of individuals into a new population

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.

neighborhoods where people from similar cultures live together and assert cultural distinction from the dominant group

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Consequences of Industrialization

Reasons for Institutionalized Racism

Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

State and local laws created to promote segregation where African Americans were treated as second hand citizens

Literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses were used to do this.

abolished slavery

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude

the use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane.

a violent clash in 1886 between union supporters and Chicago police that divided and weakened the labor movement

Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers- union was blocked for 40 years

1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Pres. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

letters from immigrants in the United States to friends and relatives in the old country, which spurred further immigration

reasons people emigrate and leave their homes such as economic troubles, overcrowding, poverty, famine, lack of land

Dominant agricultural system in the South after the Civil War. A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. Kept tenant farmers poor and on the land.

A combination of corporations cooperating in order to reduce competition and control prices.