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Integrated Music/English test
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To the Lakota, and other indigenous people on North America's Great Plains, the bison was an essential part of their culture ( expressed in the quote on the previous page). The bison provided meat for nutrition, a hide for clothing and shelter, bones for tools, and fat for soap. The bison was also central to their religious beliefs. So, when European settlers hunted the bison nearly to extinction, Lakota culture suffered. Culture is central to a society and the identity of its people, as well as its continued existence. Therefore, geographers study culture as a way to understand similarities and differences among societies across the world, and in some cases, to help preserve these societies. Analyzing Culture All of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects are a part of culture. It is a visible force seen in a group's actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape. For example, in a large city you can see people working in offices, factories, and stores, and living in high-rise apartments or suburban homes. You might observe them attending movies, concerts, or sporting events. Culture is also an invisible force guiding people through shared belief systems, customs, and traditions. Culture is learned, in that it develops through experiences, and not merely transmitted through genetics. For example, many people in the United States have developed a strong sense of competitiveness in school and business, and believe that hard work is a key to success. These types of elements, visible and invisible, are cultural traits. A series of interrelated traits make up a cultural complex, such as the process of steps and acceptable behaviors related to greeting a person in different cultures. A single cultural artifact, such as an automobile, may represent many different values, beliefs, behaviors and traditions and be representative of a cultural complex. Since culture is learned there are many ways that one generation passes its culture to the next. Children and adults learn traits three ways: β’ imitation, as when learning a language by repeating sounds or behaviors from a person or television β’ informal instruction, as when a parent reminds a child to say "please" β’ formal instruction, as when students learn history in school 132 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP" EDITION CULTURAL COMPLEX OF THE AUTOMOBILE The automobile provides much more than just transportation, as it reflects many values that are central to American culture. Origins of Culture The area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops is a culture hearth. Classical Greece was a culture hearth for democracy more than 2,000 years ago. New York City was a culture hearth for rap music in the 1970s. Geographers study how cultures develop in hearths and diffuse-or spread-to other places. Geographers also study taboos, behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture. For example, many cultures have taboos against eating certain foods, such as pork or insects. What is considered taboo changes over time. In the United States, marriages between Protestants and Catholics were once taboo, but they are not widely opposed now. Traditional, Folk, and Indigenous Cultures With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century, modern transportation and communication connected people as never before and led to extensive cultural mixing, especially as cities have grown. The world prior to this time was very different; however, remnants of the past are still evident in our modern cultures. Traditional, folk, and indigenous cultures share some important characteristics and are often grouped together, but they do have some subtle differences. Traditional Culture Recently, the meanings of traditional, folk, and indigenous culture have begun to merge, causing geographers to debate when each should be used. Increasingly, the term traditional culture is used to encompass all three cultural designations. All three types share the function of passing down long-held beliefs, values, and practices and are generally resistant to rapid changes in their culture. Folk Culture The beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change, are known as folk cultures. Like all cultures, they demonstrate the diverse ways that people have adapted to a physical environment. For example, people around the world learned to make shelters out of available resources, whether 3.1: INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE 133 it was snow or mud bricks or wood. However, people used similar resources such as wood differently. In Scandinavia, people used trees to build cabins. In the American Midwest, people processed trees into boards, built a frame, and attached the boards to it. Many traits of folk culture continue today. Corn was first grown in Mexico around 10,000 years ago, and it is still grown there today. While many elements of folk culture exist side by side with modern culture, there are people whose societies have changed little, if at all, from long ago. These people practice traditional cultures, those which have not been affected by modern technology or influences. They often live in remote regions, such as some small tribes in the Amazon rainforest, and have scant knowledge of the outside world. As the lines continue blurring between cultural designations, the Amish of Pennsylvania are often referenced as both folk and traditional culture. Indigenous Culture When members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language, they are considered an indigenous culture. Some indigenous peoples have been displaced from their native lands, but still practice their indigenous culture. Native Americans in the United States, such as the Navajo, have kept indigenous cultural practices. First Nations of Canada, such as the Inuit, have also retained their indigenous culture. Globalization and Popular Culture As a result of the Industrial Revolution, improvements in transportation and communication have shortened the time required for movement, trade, or other forms of interaction between two places. This development, known as space-time compression (see Topics 1.4 and 3.6), has accelerated culture change around the world. In 1817, a freight shipment from Cincinnati needed 52 days to reach New York City. By 1850, because of canals and railroads, it took half that long. And by 1852, it took only 7 days. Today, an airplane flight takes only a few hours, and digital information takes seconds or less. Similar change has occurred on the global scale. People travel freely across the world in a matter of hours, and communication has advanced to a point where people share information instantaneously across the globe. The increased global interaction has had a profound impact on cultures, from spreading English across the world to instant sharing of news, events and music. Globalization specifically refers to the increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s. The process of intensified interaction among peoples, governments, and companies of different countries around the globe has had profound impacts on culture. The culture of the United States is intertwined with globalization. Through the influence of its corporations, Hollywood movies, and government, the United States exerts widespread influence in other countries. But other countries also shape American culture. For example, in 2019, the National Basketball Association included players from 38 countries or territories. When cultural traits- such as clothing, music, movies, and types of 134 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP. EDITION businesses-spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups, they become part of popular culture. Elements of popular culture often begin in urban areas and diffuse quickly through globalization processes such as the media and Internet. These elements can quickly be adopted worldwide, making them part of global culture. People around the world follow European soccer, Indian Bollywood movies, and Japanese animation known as anime. With people in many nations wearing similar clothes, listening to similar music, and eating similar food, popular cultural traits often promote uniformity in beliefs, values, and the cultural landscape across many places The cultural landscape, also known as the built environment (see Topic 3.2), is the modification of the environment by a group and is a visible reflection of that group's cultural beliefs and values. Traditional Culture to Popular Culture Popular culture emphasizes trying what is new rather than preserving what is traditional. Many people, especially older generations or those who follow a folk culture, openly resist the adoption of popular cultural traits. They do this by preserving traditional languages, religions, values, and foods. While older generations often resist the adoption of popular culture, they seldom are successful in keeping their traditional cultures from changing, especially among the young people of their society. One clash between popular and traditional culture is occurring in Brazil. As the population expands to the interior of the rain forest, many indigenous cultures, like the Yanamamo tribe, have more contact with outside groups. Remaining isolated by the forest is becoming increasingly difficult as many young people from the indigenous cultures become exposed to popular culture and begin to integrate into the larger Brazilian society. As the young people leave their communities, they are more likely to accept popular culture at the expense of their indigenous cultural heritage, which threatens the very existence of their folk culture. Traditional culture typically exhibits horizontal diversity, meaning each traditional culture has its own customs and language that makes it distinct from other culture groups. Yet, people people within each group are usually homogeneous, or very similar to each other. By contrast, popular culture typically exhibits vertical diversity, meaning that modern urban societies are usually heterogeneous, or exhibiting differences, within the society and usually contain numerous multiethnic neighborhoods. However, on a global scale popular cultures are relatively similar with the same type of malls, shops, fast food, and clothing. Urban global culture centers are not identical, yet, global cities often do not have as much horizontal diversity across space as folk cultures. 3.1: INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE 135 COMPARING TRADITIONAL AND POPULAR CULTURE Trait Traditional Culture Popular or Global Culture Society β’ Rural and isolated location β’ Urban and connected location β’ Homogeneous and β’ Diverse and multiethnic indigenous population population β’ Most people speak an β’ Many people speak a global indigenous or ethnic local language such as English or language Arabic β’ Horizontal diversity β’ Vertical diversity Social β’ Emphasis on community and β’ Emphasis on individualism and Structure conformity making choices β’ Families live close to each β’ Dispersed families other β’ Weakly defined gender roles β’ Well-defined gender roles Diffusion β’ Relatively slow and limited β’ Relatively rapid and extensive β’ Primarily through relocation β’ Often hierarchical β’ Oral traditions and stories β’ Social media and mass media Buildings and β’ Materials produced locally, β’ Materials produced in distant Housing such as stone or grass factories, such as steel or glass β’ Built by community or owner β’ Built by a business β’ Similar style for community β’ Variety of architectural styles β’ Different between cultures β’ Similar between cities β’ Traditional architecture β’ Postmodern / contemporary architecture Food β’ Locally produced β’ Often imported β’ Choices limited by tradition β’ Wide range of choice β’ Prepared by the family or β’ Purchased in restaurants community Spatial Focus β’ Local and regional β’ National and global Artifacts, Mentifacts, and Sociofacts Whether a cultural attribute is considered traditional, folk, indigenous, or popular in nature, it is valuable to differentiate between elements of culture that can be seen and those that can not. There are artifacts that comprise the material culture, which consists of tangible things, or those that can be experienced by the senses. Art, clothing, food, music, sports, and housing types are all tangible elements of culture. Another element of the study of artifacts is understanding the techniques to use or build a specific artifact. Artifacts can be unique to a particular culture, or can be shared. For example, people of all cultures need to communicate through language, yet there are many groups that possess languages unique to their culture. The ability to read, write and understand the English language is an artifact of importance for much of popular global culture. 136 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP" EDITION Mentifacts comprise a group's nonmaterial culture and consist ofintangible concepts, or those not having a physical presence. Beliefs, values, practices, and aesthetics (pleasing in appearance) determine what a cultural group views as acceptable and desirable. Mentifacts can also be unique or shared. People of many cultures possess an belief in one or many deities, and often the deities are unique to that culture. The belief in a god is a mentifact-the religious building or symbols are artifacts. Cultural groups also possess sociofacts, which are the ways people organize their society and relate to one another. Taken altogether, people tend to see the whole of their culture as greater than the sum of its individual parts. Sociofacts are embodied through families, governments, sports teams, religious organizations, education systems, and other social constructs. As with artifacts and mentifacts, sociofacts may also be unique or similar to other societies. Families are the foundations of most societies, yet what constitutes the structure of a family may vary widely between cultural groups. For example, Western cultures tend to view the nuclear family, consisting of the parents and their children as the basic family unit. By contrast, in many Western African cultures the norm is the extended family, consisting of several generations and other family members such as cousins living under one roof.MATERI PERKULIAHAN Sub-CPMK 1.7 Mampu menghitung performa produksi (IP, FCR) dan melakukan Analisis Usaha Broiler per satu siklus produksi 1. IDENTITAS MATERI Mata Kuliah : Produksi Ternak Potong Unggas Komersil Pokok Bahasan : Evaluasi Performa Produksi dan Analisis Usaha Broiler Sub-CPMK : 1.7 Capaian Pembelajaran : Mahasiswa mampu: Menjelaskan parameter performa produksi broiler. Menghitung Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). Menghitung Indeks Performa (IP). Menganalisis hasil performa produksi dalam satu siklus pemeliharaan. Menyusun analisis usaha broiler per satu siklus produksi. Menarik kesimpulan kelayakan usaha berdasarkan hasil teknis dan ekonomis. ________________________________________ 2. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu: Memahami konsep dasar evaluasi performa broiler. Mengidentifikasi data teknis yang dibutuhkan dalam perhitungan performa. Menghitung mortalitas, deplesi, bobot badan rata-rata, FCR, dan IP. Menghitung biaya produksi, penerimaan, keuntungan, dan efisiensi usaha broiler. Menganalisis hubungan antara performa teknis dengan hasil ekonomi usaha. ________________________________________ 3. DESKRIPSI MATERI Dalam usaha broiler modern, keberhasilan produksi tidak hanya diukur dari bobot panen, tetapi juga dari efisiensi penggunaan pakan, tingkat kematian, umur panen, serta keuntungan yang diperoleh per siklus. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kemampuan untuk menghitung parameter teknis produksi seperti FCR dan IP, serta mengaitkannya dengan analisis usaha agar dapat diketahui apakah usaha berjalan efisien dan menguntungkan. ________________________________________ 4. POKOK-POKOK MATERI A. Konsep Dasar Evaluasi Performa Produksi Broiler 1. Pengertian Performa Produksi Performa produksi broiler adalah gambaran tingkat keberhasilan pemeliharaan ayam broiler selama satu periode/siklus pemeliharaan yang dinilai dari indikator teknis tertentu. 2. Parameter Utama Performa Produksi Parameter yang umum digunakan meliputi: Populasi awal DOC Jumlah ayam hidup saat panen Mortalitas (%) Deplesi (%) Umur panen (hari) Bobot badan rata-rata panen (kg/ekor) Total konsumsi pakan (kg) Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) Indeks Performa (IP) ________________________________________ B. Parameter Teknis dan Rumus Perhitungan ________________________________________ 1. Mortalitas (%) Pengertian: Persentase ayam yang mati selama masa pemeliharaan. Rumus: "Mortalitas (%)"="Jumlah ayam mati" /"Populasi awal" Γ100 Contoh: Populasi awal = 5.000 ekor Ayam mati = 150 ekor "Mortalitas"=150/5000Γ100=3% ________________________________________ 2. Deplesi (%) Pengertian: Persentase pengurangan populasi akibat kematian dan afkir/culling. Rumus: "Deplesi (%)"="Ayam mati + ayam afkir" /"Populasi awal" Γ100 Jika tidak ada afkir, maka deplesi = mortalitas. ________________________________________ 3. Persentase Ayam Hidup / Livability (%) Rumus: "Livability (%)"="Jumlah ayam panen" /"Populasi awal" Γ100 atau "Livability (%)"=100-"Deplesi (%)" ________________________________________ 4. Bobot Badan Rata-Rata Panen Rumus: "Bobot rata-rata (kg/ekor)"="Total bobot panen (kg)" /"Jumlah ayam panen (ekor)" ________________________________________ 5. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) Pengertian: FCR adalah rasio jumlah pakan yang dikonsumsi terhadap pertambahan bobot hidup atau bobot hidup yang dihasilkan. Rumus praktis broiler: "FCR"="Total konsumsi pakan (kg)" /"Total bobot hidup panen (kg)" Interpretasi: Semakin rendah nilai FCR, semakin efisien penggunaan pakan. Contoh: Total pakan = 16.000 kg Total bobot panen = 9.600 kg "FCR"=16.000/9.600=1,67 Interpretasi: Untuk menghasilkan 1 kg bobot hidup, dibutuhkan 1,67 kg pakan. ________________________________________ 6. Indeks Performa (IP) Pengertian: IP adalah indikator gabungan untuk menilai performa pemeliharaan broiler berdasarkan: daya hidup, bobot badan, umur panen, efisiensi pakan. Rumus umum IP: "IP"=("Livability (%)" Γ"Bobot rata-rata (kg)" )/("Umur panen (hari)" Γ"FCR" )Γ100 Contoh: Livability = 97% Bobot rata-rata = 2,0 kg Umur panen = 35 hari FCR = 1,67 "IP"=(97Γ2,0)/(35Γ1,67)Γ100 "IP"=194/58,45Γ100=331,9 Jadi, IP = 331,9 ________________________________________ C. Interpretasi Nilai FCR dan IP 1. Interpretasi FCR < 1,50 = sangat efisien 1,50 β 1,65 = efisien/baik 1,66 β 1,80 = cukup > 1,80 = kurang efisien Catatan: Nilai ini dapat berbeda tergantung strain, umur panen, sistem kandang, musim, dan standar perusahaan. ________________________________________ 2. Interpretasi IP (umum) > 400 = sangat baik / Ω
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ΨͺΨ§Ψ² 351 β 400 = baik 301 β 350 = cukup baik 251 β 300 = sedang < 250 = kurang Dalam praktik kemitraan, IP sering menjadi dasar evaluasi bonus performa. ________________________________________ 5. HUBUNGAN PARAMETER TEKNIS DENGAN KINERJA USAHA Performa teknis sangat menentukan keuntungan usaha broiler: FCR naik β biaya pakan meningkat β laba turun Mortalitas naik β ayam panen berkurang β penerimaan turun Bobot panen rendah β total kg jual turun β omzet turun Umur panen terlalu lama β biaya operasional naik β efisiensi turun IP tinggi β menunjukkan usaha lebih efisien dan berpotensi lebih menguntungkan ________________________________________ 6. ANALISIS USAHA BROILER PER SATU SIKLUS PRODUKSI A. Pengertian Analisis Usaha Analisis usaha broiler adalah perhitungan ekonomi untuk mengetahui: total biaya produksi, total penerimaan, pendapatan/keuntungan, efisiensi usaha, kelayakan usaha per satu siklus pemeliharaan. ________________________________________ B. Komponen Biaya Produksi 1. Biaya Tetap (Fixed Cost) Biaya yang relatif tidak berubah dalam satu siklus, misalnya: Penyusutan kandang Penyusutan peralatan Pajak/sewa lahan (jika dihitung) Bunga modal tetap (opsional) 2. Biaya Variabel (Variable Cost) Biaya yang berubah sesuai jumlah populasi, misalnya: DOC Pakan Obat, vitamin, vaksin (OVK) Sekam/litter Gas/LPG/bahan bakar brooder Listrik dan air Tenaga kerja Desinfektan dan sanitasi Biaya panen/angkut Biaya lain-lain operasional Catatan penting: Pada usaha broiler, pakan biasanya menyumbang 60β70% dari total biaya produksi. ________________________________________ 7. RUMUS ANALISIS USAHA 1. Total Biaya Produksi (TC) "TC"="Biaya Tetap"+"Biaya Variabel" ________________________________________ 2. Total Penerimaan (TR) Jika dijual berdasarkan bobot hidup: "TR"="Total bobot panen (kg)"Γ"Harga jual per kg" Jika ada penerimaan tambahan: "TR total"="Penjualan ayam"+"Penjualan kotoran"+"Penjualan karung pakan/bekas" ________________________________________ 3. Keuntungan / Pendapatan (Ο) Ο="TR"-"TC" ________________________________________ 4. R/C Ratio R/C="TR" /"TC" Kriteria: R/C > 1 β usaha menguntungkan R/C = 1 β impas R/C < 1 β usaha merugi ________________________________________ 5. B/C Ratio (opsional) B/C=("TR" -"TC" )/"TC" ________________________________________ 6. Harga Pokok Produksi (HPP) "HPP per kg"="Total biaya produksi" /"Total bobot panen (kg)" Interpretasi: Jika harga jual > HPP β usaha berpotensi untung. FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI FCR, IP, DAN KEUNTUNGAN A. Faktor Teknis Kualitas DOC Mutu pakan Program brooding Kepadatan kandang Ventilasi dan suhu kandang Kualitas air minum Program vaksinasi dan biosekuriti Manajemen litter Ketepatan waktu panen B. Faktor Ekonomi Harga DOC Harga pakan Harga jual ayam hidup Biaya tenaga kerja Biaya energi (gas/listrik) Sistem usaha (mandiri vs kemitraan) STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN PERFORMA DAN KEUNTUNGAN Gunakan DOC berkualitas dan seragam Laksanakan brooding secara optimal (0β14 hari sangat krusial) Pastikan feed intake dan water intake normal Terapkan biosekuriti ketat Kurangi feed wastage Pantau bobot badan mingguan Lakukan culling selektif Tentukan umur panen berdasarkan kombinasi FCR, bobot, dan harga pasar Evaluasi performa tiap siklus dengan pencatatan lengkap Gunakan data historis untuk perbaikan keputusan produksi RANGKUMAN MATERI FCR menunjukkan efisiensi penggunaan pakan. Semakin kecil FCR, semakin baik. IP adalah indikator gabungan performa broiler yang mempertimbangkan: daya hidup, bobot panen, umur panen, efisiensi pakan. Analisis usaha broiler harus mengintegrasikan: aspek teknis (FCR, IP, mortalitas, bobot panen) aspek ekonomi (biaya, penerimaan, laba, R/C, HPP) Usaha broiler dinilai baik apabila: FCR efisien, mortalitas rendah, IP tinggi, HPP lebih rendah dari harga jual, R/C ratio > 1. PENUTUP Kemampuan menghitung FCR, IP, dan melakukan analisis usaha broiler per satu siklus produksi merupakan kompetensi penting dalam manajemen produksi broiler modern. Mahasiswa tidak hanya dituntut memahami teori, tetapi juga harus mampu membaca data produksi, melakukan perhitungan secara akurat, dan mengambil keputusan manajerial berbasis hasil analisis teknis-ekonomis. REFERENSI SINGKAT (untuk bahan ajar/RPS) North, M.O., & Bell, D.D. Commercial Chicken Production Manual. Leeson, S., & Summers, J.D. Commercial Poultry Nutrition. Bell, D.D., & Weaver, W.D. Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production. Saputra, dkk. Literatur manajemen broiler modern dan analisis usaha ternak unggas. Standar teknis perusahaan integrator/kemitraan broiler (CP, Japfa, Malindo, dll.) untuk benchmarking FCR dan IP. Integrated Chinese Lesson 4Integrated ScienceIntegrated Chinese Lesson 5Integrated Accounting SystemIntegrated Chinese - Lessons 1-4 (Char & PY)Integrated Chinese Lesson 6