The study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders.

Latin word “POENA” which means

Greek word “Poine”

A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders

The study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. 

First formal laws dealing with the imposition of justice, concept of Justice Lex Talionis or “an eye for an eye or a tooth for a tooth” Oculopro oculo, dente pro dente. 

It is the foundation of all public and private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set up on the forum. 

Harsh code that provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds).

Punishment is according to social class of the offenders. 

Law that favored the imposition of justice instead of vengeance. It also allows restorative justice which is also emerging up to now. 

Attempts to re-establish the lost relationship between the involved parties in the crime that existed before the commission of the crime.

An act that mandated the establishment of a prison system based on solitary confinement, hard labor and religious instruction. This we authored by SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE.

It is used to confine slaves where they were attached to workbenches and forced to do hard labor in the period of their imprisonment.

Use to detain offenders undergoing trial in some cases and to hold sentenced offender where they were starved to death.

It pioneered the segregation of prisoners and forced silenced to make prisoners contemplate their wrong doing. 

The shower bath was a gadget so constructed as to drop volume of water on the head of the offender caused so much pain and extreme shock that prisoners immediately sank into comas due to the shock and sudden drop in body temperature.

It is a building plan made by Jeremy Bentham, The cells were arranged around a central apartment from which the custodians could keep all cells under close supervision.

The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and congregate work in shops during the day. Complete silence was enforced. The prison system called the “Congregate System” or “New York system”.

Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they lived, they slept, and they ate and receive religious instructions. Complete Silence was also enforced. The prisons system called “Solitary System” or “Separate System”.

The first juvenile reformatory which was opened in January 1825 and located in New York City. 

Considered forerunner of modern penology because it had all the elements of a modern system. 

The Director/Founder of the Elmira Reformatory.

Exclusively for male offender between 16-21applying individualized treatment. Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise director of English Prison responsible in opening it. 

It is the remedy that the state takes against a felonious member of the public that typically involve hurting and misery. 

Putting the offender into shame or humiliation. 

Placing the lawbreaker in prison for the reason of defending the public against criminal behavior 

The first penalty ever imposed. This was imposed by God to evil rebels lead by Lucifer by throwing them out of the heaven. Second, when Adam and eve broke the law of god, they were thrown out from the Garden of Eden.

Any person shall not be permitted to enter the place designated w/in radius therein specified. Minimum 25 Kilometers Maximum250 Kilometers. 

An Ancient form of discipline giving the same food that is “off” diet, or requiring the prisoners to perform drab or boring daily routine. 

Denial of everything except the bare essentials of existence.