Mark the incorrect statement

Most common age group for Polio is 6 years to 12 years

India became Polio free on 27 March 2014

Period of communicability -7 days prior to 7 days after the symptoms

Mark the incorrect statement

Switch happened to avoid vaccine associated paralytic polio due to P2

National switch day is 25 April 2016

Wild Polio virus 2 eradicated in India on Sept 2015

Wild Polio virus 3 eradicated in India on October 2019

Mark the incorrect statement

Paralytic polio accounts for 2% of all cases

Mark the incorrect statement

AFP surveillance done till 5 years of age

Environmental surveillance inform of checking Sewage etc can also be done

GBS, Traumatic neuritis, Transverse myelitis are the differentials for AFP

The in charge of AFP surveillance is Surveillance medical officer(SMO)

All are true regarding AFP surveillance except.

80% of cases should have follow up examination at 90 days for residual paralysis.

Minimum sample required is 8 gm/Thumb size

At least one case of non Polio AFP should be detected for 1 lakh population of less than 15 years

80% cases should have adequate stool sample collection

Incorrect about transport of stool sample under AFP surveillance

First sample should be sent with in 48 hours

Reverse cold chain method is used

8gm /thumb size stool sample is considered adequate

All are correct statement except

IPV helps preventing paralysis and reinfection due to wild polio virus

IPV is not used in controlling epidemics

IPV-More difficult to manufacture but does not require stringent condition during storage and transportation

Virus content in IPV is 10000 times more than OPV

Mark the incorrect statement

Two fractional doses of IPV given at 6 and 14 week gives weaker immunogenicity than one dose of IPV at 14 weeks

IPV 0.5 ml I/M whereas Fractional IPV is 0.1 ml I/d

IPV is given in thigh whereas Fractional IPV is given in upper arm

All are correct in AFP surveillance except

Maintain a temperature of -2 to- 8 (minus)degree during transport

Avoid desiccation , leakage with proper documentation

During sampling stool should be placed in a sterile glass bottle

Transport in dry ice if transportation requires more than 24 hours

All are true about Polio eradication strategy except

Mopping up activities should be done in initial stage

Outbreak control of suspected cases

All are correct regarding pulse polio immunization except

Pulse polio vaccine should not be given if a child is recently immunized

It is one of the component of Polio eradication strategy of India

Pulse means sudden , mass administration

All of the following are true except in respect of rabies in dogs

All dogs should be given vaccination at 1 year and than at regular interval

Corneal test can be used in laboratory examination in Dogs

Incubation period in dogs can be in a range of 3-4 months

In developing countries 90% of human deaths from rabies due to dog bite

Incorrect statement among the following

Prophylaxis should be given in case of bat or rodent bite in India

Immunoglobin can be given in case of category 2 bites in immunocompromised

Human immunoglobin dose is 20 IU/kg

Street virus is used to prepare vaccine

Street virus is found in saliva of infected animal

Incubation period of street virus is longer than fixed virus

Fixed virus is produced by repeated culture in brain of rabbit

Mark the incorrect statement

Rabies shows iceberg phenomenon

Only communicable disease to be always fatal

Mark the incorrect statement

Minor scratches without bleeding represents category 1 wound

Re-exposure prophylaxis is not required if post-exposure prophylaxis taken within 3 months

Rabies immunoglobin is not required during re-exposure prophylaxis

0-7-28 is a pre-exposure prophylaxis schedule

Mark the incorrect about post exposure prophylaxis of rabies

Updated Thai red cross regimen -0,3,7,14,28

Advantages of cell culture vaccine includes

Fewer injections of lower volumes

Mark the incorrect statement

Ingestion of raw meat of infected animal can transmit rabies

Human to human transmission through bites has never been confirmed

A patient with multiple transdermal bite should be managed with only wound treatment if he has taken post exposure prophylaxis with in 3 months

Mark the incorrect match

FORD-National institute of health administration and education

Rockefeller-Setting up field demonstration area Ballabhgarh

Incorrect match WHO region

Western Pacific - Manila (Phillipines)

Presently known as United Nation international Children Emergency fund

In 1965 , UNICEF was awarded Nobel peace prize for peace

MEENA mascot represents fighting against child discrimination

Food supplement , Family planning and female education are some of the child survival strategies under UNICEF

Mark the incorrect statement

Headquarter of International red cross is in Newyork

International committee on red cross was established by Henry Dunant

Indian red cross works in the field of improvement in health , prevention and mitigation of suffering

Indian red cross society was established in 1920

Mark the incorrect statement regarding tetanus

Gram positive aerobic spore bearing bacilli

Not transmitted from person to person

Mark the incorrect statement

Disposable delivery kits given at delivery huts with 12 Rs cost

It consists of gauze, soap, gloves, Plastic sheet, Cord ties, Sterile blade

Important part of safe and clean delivery

Disposable delivery kits can be used by Trained birth attendants

Mark the incorrect statement regarding neonatal tetanus

Elimination criteria is cases less than 1 per 1000

LaQ shya , a new initiative for safe and clean delivery

Passive immunization can be given to newborn of unimmunized mother(750IU within 6 hrs of birth)

Incorrect about vaccination in pregnant lady

Td vaccine is given to protect the mother

d component of Td vaccine has 2Lf unit of Diphtheria

d component is added recently as we are seeing resurgence of cases of diphtheria

D in DPT has 25 Lf unit of Diphtheria

Mark the false statement

Herd immunity provides protection in case of tetanus

Passive immunization with human tetanus immunoglobin 250IU provides protection for 30 days

Antitoxin level in the community should be 0.01IU/ml

No age is immune unless protected by previous immunization

Spores of clostridia are sterilized by

Autoclaving at 120 deg for 20 min

Identify the incorrect match

Kit 7:Black, Lower abdominal pain

Kit3:White,Non herpetic genital ulcer

Kit5 :Red, Herpetic genital ulcer

Identify the incorrect statement

Human to human transmission is absent in Ebola

Ervebo is a recently approved vaccine for Ebola virus

Ebola is not transmitted through air, water or food

Which of the following is incorrect regarding Td vaccine

It is a freeze sensitive vaccine

It is kept in top basket of ILR

Incorrect about syndromic management of urethral discharge in males

As dual infection is common combined treatment of urethral discharge for Herpes and gonorrhoea should be given

Recent partner should also be treated

SURAKSHA clinic is the initiative for treatment of STDs

Kit 1 is used as syndromic management

Mark the incorrect statement

Reduced osmolarity ORS has osmolarity of245mOsm/L

Mark the incorrect statement

Fluid deficit of 5-10% of body weight is considered as Severe dehydration

Skin pinch goes back slowly(<2 sec) denotes some dehydration

Super ORS containing complex sugars provides calories as well as rehydration ,particularly useful for malnourished

ReSoMal contains micronutrients and is used in SAM

Mark the incorrect statement

In Plan B give 50 ml/kg ORS in first 4 hours

Plan C for 12 months and older is 30 ml/kg over 30 min and 70 ml/kg over 2.5 hr

Trisodium citrate makes the ORS more stable and results in less stool output

Persistent diarrhoea means diarrhoea lasting for more than 14 days

International health+ Communicable diseases Part1

Health 11/12 Review for Final Exam Core Concepts - Mental and Emotional Health, Substance Abuse Prevention, Safety and Violence Prevention, Family Life and Human Sexuality, Disease Prevention and Control, Healthy Eating Health Education Skills - goal setting, decision making, accessing information/resources, analyzing influences, communication, self-management, advocacy DIMENSIONS of Wellness - social, spiritual, emotional/mental, environmental, financial, intellectual, multicultural, occupational, physical, sexual RISK factors - anything that increases the risk of disease, injury, or illness. PROTECTIVE factors - anything that decreases the risk of disease, injury, or illness. INTERNAL health factors - health factors that can be either hereditary and genetic or acquired elements -- include smoking and personal diet or eating habits. Example – a genetic predisposition to an illness. EXTERNAL health factors - health factors that are part of the direct outer environment, the geographical location, micro-organisms, socio-economic elements that could affect an individual's health. Example – being unable to afford mental health services. Unit 1- Managing Personal and Community Wellness Explain Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in your own words using the image provided. Explain how each Social Determinant of Health may impact a person’s health. Levels of Disease Prevention • PRIMARY The goal is to avoid conditions altogether. • SECONDARY The goal is early detection. • TERTIARY The goal is to minimize the damage (manage). Define the following terms. Fads/Trends Sleep hygiene Driver safety Unit 2- Investigating Social Ecological Factors on Well-Being Socio-Ecological Model – The SEM examines how health behaviors form based on characteristics of individuals, communities, nations and levels in between. Each level overlaps with other levels signifying how the best public health strategies are those that encompass and target a wide range of perspectives. Interpersonal (personal) health vs. intrapersonal (relationship) health Health INEQUITY - systemic, ingrained and unjust barriers that prevent segments of the population from having the opportunity of health leading to health disparity. IMPLICIT BIAS - a form of bias that occurs automatically and unintentionally, that nevertheless affects judgments, decisions, and behaviors. Research has shown implicit bias can contribute to unequal access to quality healthcare, negative patient-provider relationships and interactions; and create mistrust in the healthcare system and practitioners among patients. This can contribute to health disparities. Health DISPARITY - represents a difference in health between populations. It is often used to describe disease burden and other negative health outcomes socially disadvantaged groups may face. Health EQUITY - The opposite of health inequity. It describes a system that supports a high standard of health and healthcare for all people. Racism - Beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotypic characteristics or ethnic group affiliation. DISCRIMINATION - An unjust differential treatment of a person or a group. PRIVILEGE- The unearned access to resources and social power that are only available to some because of their membership within certain social groups. OPPRESSION is the act of taking away choices from others and can be defined as a system that maintains advantage and disadvantage based on social identities and that acts on multiple levels from interpersonal to institutional and societal. (internalized, interpersonal, institutional, structural) Systematic Oppression - Intentional disadvantage of groups of people based on their identity while advantaging members of dominant group (race, gender, sexual orientation, language, size, ability, etc.). Intersectionality - The complex, cumulative way in which the effects of multiple forms of discrimination (such as racism, sexism, and classism) combine, overlap, or intersect especially in the experiences of marginalized individuals or groups Unit 3- Accessing Resources and Communicating to Support Mental and Emotional Health What is anger? What is anxiety? What is stress? STRESSORS are the things that cause stress. Stressors can be internal and external. A stressor may be a one-time or short-term occurrence, or it can happen repeatedly over a long time. INTERNAL Stressors - are made by your belief system and the way you evaluate yourself. Examples include pessimistic attitude, negative self-talk, deep need to be perfect, low self-esteem or body image, unhealthy standards for self. EXTERNAL Stressors - are stressful things that happen in your surroundings and/or in your environment. Examples include busy schedules, work problems, family issues, financial trouble, social problems, injury, unforeseen circumstances. Socio-economic issues are also a part of external stressors such as poverty, violence, and racism. Define the following mental health conditions. Depression Eating disorders NSSI Non-suicidal self-injury Grief/Loss Suicide prevention A.C.T. • ACKNOWLEDGE- Tell them in a caring way that you recognize that they are having a problem • CARE- You can show you care by actively listening - put away anything else you are doing, make eye contact, sit down, ask questions. • TELL-(call 988 for additional help and support) - Tell them it is important that they speak with a trusted adult. Help them figure out who this may be and offer to go with your friend. A social norm is an unwritten, informal rule meant to guide behavior among the of society. It distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable, good and bad, and so on. Social norms can influence a person with emotional or mental health disorders, access to care and stigmatize their situation. STIGMA- a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person. • Self-stigma - This describes the internalized stigma that people with mental health conditions feel about themselves. • Public stigma - This refers to the negative attitudes around mental health from people in society. • Institutional stigma - This is a type of systemic stigma that arises from corporations, governments, and other institutions. Unit 4- Evaluating Risks of Substance Use and Abuse Harm Reduction - a set of practical strategies and ideas aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with drug use. Explain how each level of the Social Ecological Model is impacted by addiction. Individual Relationship Community Society SEM Level Contributing/Risk Factors to substance use Preventative/Protective Factors for substance use Individual Interpersonal/Relationship Community Society Unit 5- Analyzing Influences to Examine Ways to Increase Safety and Reduce Violence HATE CRIME - a crime, usually violent, motivated by prejudice or intolerance toward an individual’s national origin, ethnicity, color, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, or disability. Explain how the media influences violence in society. The Pyramid of Hate Explain the escalation of hate using the Pyramid of Hate visual. List several hate crime motivators. Example: age HEALTHY Relationship Signs - comfortable pace, trust, honesty, independence, respect, equality, kindness, taking responsibility, healthy conflict, fun UNHEALTHY Relationship Signs - intensity, possessiveness, manipulation, isolation, sabotage, belittling, guilting, volatility, deflecting responsibility, betrayal Sexual Assault is a sexual behavior WITHOUT consent. Human trafficking - the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, using force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Sex trafficking - commercial sex act induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age. Trafficking happens using… • Force - using violence to control someone. • Fraud - using lies to control someone. • Coercion - using threats to control someone. Unit 6- Family Life and Human Sexuality Agency - A belief about yourself and the extent to which you can act on that belief. • The ability to choose freely one’s own narrative. • To embrace the idea that I am the cause (or agent) of my own thoughts and actions. • Personal agency is a personal responsibility for who we are, what we experience, what we do about that experience, and how we shape our world to give us more of the experiences we want. SEXUAL Agency • The ability to choose your own interests and desires vs. what we see in the media or others’ perceptions • The ability to identify, communicate, and negotiate one’s sexual needs • The ability to initiate behaviors that allow for the satisfaction of those needs Sexually Explicit Material - photographs, videos, films, magazines, and books whose primary themes, topics, or depictions involve sexuality that may cause sexual arousal. Sexual scripts - thoughts, patterns, or behavior that a person has about themselves in a romantic or sexual context. It is how people picture themselves or want to project themselves in front of others. Reproductive Rights of Teens - In Maryland, teens have the right to an abortion, keep their child, obtain and use birth control, paternity tests, adoption, give up custody of their child within 10 days of birth (Safe Haven Law). • REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS- legal rights and the freedom of the individual to control decisions regarding contraception, abortion, sterilization and childbirth. • SAFE HAVEN LAW- a distressed parent who is unable or unwilling to care for their infant can safely give up custody of their baby, no questions asked. CONSENT is an agreement between participants to engage in sexual activity. • It is clearly and freely communicated, verbal, and affirmative. Consent CANNOT be given if… • A person is underage, one or both partners is intoxicated or incapacitated by drugs or alcohol, one partner is asleep or unconscious, one partner feels pressured, threatened or intimidated, or one partner holds a position of power or authority over the other. Unit 7- Advocating for Enhanced Nutrition, Food Systems, and Health Outcomes Dietary Guidelines for Americans Guideline 1: Follow a Healthy Dietary Pattern at Every Life Stage Guideline 2: Customize and Enjoy Food and Beverage Choices to Reflect Personal Preferences, Cultural Traditions, and Budgetary Considerations Guideline 3: Focus on Meeting Food Group Needs with Nutrient-Dense Foods and Beverages, and Stay Within Calorie Limits Guideline 4: Limit Foods and Beverages Higher in Added Sugars, Saturated Fat, and Sodium, and Limit Alcoholic Beverages FOOD DESERT- a neighborhood where there is little or limited access to healthy and affordable food such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat milk and other foods that make up the full range of a healthy diet. FOOD INSEQURITY lack of access to a sufficient amount of food because of limited funds. More than 49 million American households are considered food insecure and are vulnerable to poor health as a result. PROCCESED FOODS- any raw agricultural commodities that have been washed, cleaned, milled, cut, chopped, heated, pasteurized, blanched, cooked, canned, frozen, dried, dehydrated, mixed or packaged — anything done to them that alters their natural state.

International Health

Health - National and International Government Agencies that Implement Programs for Consumer Protection

Key Word Definition Aid Assistance in the form of grants or loans at below market rates. For example, the UK provided aid to Nepal after the 2015 earthquake to help with reconstruction efforts. Barriers to Trade Government constraints on the flow of international goods and services, such as tariffs and quotas. For example, the European Union imposes tariffs on certain agricultural products to protect its farmers. BRICS An acronym for an association of five major emerging nations: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. For example, BRICS nations often meet to discuss economic cooperation and development strategies. Demographic Aging The rise in the median age of a population. For example, Japan is experiencing demographic aging, with a significant increase in the elderly population. Economic Core Region The most highly developed region(s) in a country. For example, London is considered an economic core region in the UK due to its high level of development and economic activity. GNP (Gross National Product) GDP plus overseas earnings, also known as GNI (Gross National Income). For example, the GNP of the United States includes the value of goods and services produced domestically and the income earned by its citizens abroad. HIC (Higher Income Country) A country with a high level of income and development. For example, Germany is classified as a higher income country due to its high GDP per capita and advanced infrastructure. NEE (Newly Emerging Economy) A country that is experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialisation. For example, China is an example of a newly emerging economy, having rapidly industrialised and grown economically over the past few decades. LIC (Lower Income Country) A country with a low level of income and development. For example, Malawi is considered a lower income country, with a low GDP per capita and limited access to healthcare and education. GDHI (Gross Disposable Household Income) The amount of money that households have available for spending and saving after taxes and social contributions. For example, in the UK, the GDHI varies significantly between regions, with London having one of the highest levels. Gini Coefficient A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (perfect inequality). For example, South Africa has a high Gini coefficient, indicating significant income inequality within the country. Trade Unions Organisations that promote trade between member countries, such as the East African Community (EAC). For example, the East African Community (EAC) works to promote economic integration and trade among its member states. Fair Trade A movement aimed at helping producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions and promote sustainability. For example, Fairtrade coffee ensures that farmers receive a fair price for their product and work under safe conditions. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) Investment made by a company or individual in one country in business interests in another country. For example, Toyota's investment in manufacturing plants in the UK is an example of foreign direct investment. Debt Relief The partial or total remission of debts, especially those owed by developing countries to external creditors. For example, the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative provides debt relief to eligible countries to help them achieve sustainable development. International Aid Voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another, often in the form of financial assistance, goods, or services. For example, the UK provides international aid to various countries through its Department for International Development (DFID). Top-Down Development Large-scale development projects led by national governments or international organisations. For example, the construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China is an example of a top-down development project. Bottom-Up Development Small-scale development projects led by local communities or NGOs, focusing on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable. For example, WaterAid's installation of hand pumps in rural villages in Africa is an example of a bottom-up development project. Urbanisation The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. For example, rapid urbanisation in India has led to the growth of megacities like Mumbai and Delhi. Geopolitics The study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on international politics and relations. For example, the geopolitics of the Arctic region involves disputes over territorial claims and access to natural resources. Quality of Life The general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life. For example, Scandinavian countries are often ranked high in quality of life due to their strong social welfare systems and high levels of happiness. Poverty Cycle A set of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention. For example, lack of education and healthcare can trap families in a poverty cycle, making it difficult for future generations to improve their living standards. Sustainable Development Economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources. For example, the use of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power is a key aspect of sustainable development. Humanitarian Aid Material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to crises including natural disasters and man-made disaster. For example, humanitarian aid was provided to Haiti after the devastating earthquake in 2010 to help with immediate relief efforts. Economic Growth An increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. For example, China's economic growth over the past few decades has lifted millions of people out of poverty. Social Indicators Measures that describe the well-being of individuals or communities, such as health, education, and income. For example, life expectancy and literacy rates are common social indicators used to assess development. Environmental Sustainability Responsible interaction with the environment to avoid depletion or degradation of natural resources and allow for long-term environmental quality. For example, practices like recycling and conservation of natural habitats contribute to environmental sustainability. Infrastructure The basic physical and organisational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. For example, good infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and schools, is essential for economic development. Globalisation The process by which businesses or other organisations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. For example, the globalisation of technology companies like Apple and Google has led to their products being available worldwide. Microfinance Financial services provided to low-income individuals or groups who are typically excluded from traditional banking. For example, microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank provide small loans to entrepreneurs in developing countries to help them start or expand their businesses.

Create me a multiple choice test questions with 4 options on the following topic:“Current Trends and Issues in Consumer Education” Introduction: Consumer education empowers individuals to navigate the complexities of the marketplace and make informed decisions that protect their well-being and financial security. However, rapid technological advancements and evolving economic landscapes continually present new challenges. “5 Key Trends and Issues in Consumer Education” 1.The Rise of Digital Consumerism and E-commerce » The digital revolution has fundamentally reshaped consumer behavior, offering unprecedented access to goods and services through e-commerce platforms. This convenience and expanded choice, however, introduce significant risks. Consumers now face challenges such as: - Data breaches and cybersecurity threats - Fraudulent online vendors - Complex online privacy policies - Algorithmic manipulation 2.The Sharing Economy: Opportunities and Challenges » The sharing economy, encompassing platforms like ride-sharing and home-sharing services, offers increased accessibility and affordability. However, this sector presents unique challenges: - Liability and insurance concerns - Worker exploitation issues - Regulatory uncertainty 3.Consumer Health and Safety in the Age of Technology: » Technology has revolutionized healthcare, with telehealth and wearable health monitoring becoming increasingly common. However, this also introduces new risks: - Cybersecurity threats to health data - Misinformation and unreliable online health information 4.Addressing Consumer Inequality and Access to Resources: » Consumer inequality significantly impacts access to resources and opportunities. Vulnerable populations often face: - Limited access to financial services - Difficulty understanding complex contracts 5.Future Directions in Consumer Education and Advocacy: » The future of consumer education must adapt to the evolving technological and economic landscape. This will involve: - Increased use of technology - Personalized learning experiences - International cooperation - Collaboration among stakeholders

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