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Interpret the intentions of the Preamble of the Constitution
Quiz by Belonde Jean Louis
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ILLINOIS PROFESSIONAL TEACHING STANDARDS (2013) Standard 1 - Teaching Diverse Students – The competent teacher understands the diverse characteristics and abilities of each student and how individuals develop and learn within the context of their social, economic, cultural, linguistic, and academic experiences. The teacher uses these experiences to create instructional opportunities that maximize student learning. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 1A) understands the spectrum of student diversity (e.g., race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, special education, gifted, English language learners (ELL), sexual orientation, gender, gender identity) and the assets that each student brings to learning across the curriculum; 1B) understands how each student constructs knowledge, acquires skills, and develops effective and efficient critical thinking and problem-solving capabilities; 1C) understands how teaching and student learning are influenced by development (physical, social and emotional, cognitive, linguistic), past experiences, talents, prior knowledge, economic circumstances and diversity within the community; 1D) understands the impact of cognitive, emotional, physical, and sensory disabilities on learning and communication pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (also referred to as “IDEA”) (20 USC 1400 et seq.), its implementing regulations (34 CFR 300; 2006), Article 14 of the School Code [105 ILCS 5/Art.14] and 23 Ill. Adm. Code 226 (Special Education); 1E) understands the impact of linguistic and cultural diversity on learning and communication; 1F) understands his or her personal perspectives and biases and their effects on one’s teaching; and 1G) understands how to identify individual needs and how to locate and access technology, services, and resources to address those needs. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 1H) analyzes and uses student information to design instruction that meets the diverse needs of students and leads to ongoing growth and achievement; 1I) stimulates prior knowledge and links new ideas to already familiar ideas and experiences; 1J) differentiates strategies, materials, pace, levels of complexity, and language to introduce concepts and principles so that they are meaningful to students at varying levels of development and to students with diverse learning needs; 1K) facilitates a learning community in which individual differences are respected; and 1L) uses information about students’ individual experiences, families, cultures, and communities to create meaningful learning opportunities and enrich instruction for all students. Standard 2 - Content Area and Pedagogical Knowledge – The competent teacher has in-depth understanding of content area knowledge that includes central concepts, methods of inquiry, structures of the disciplines, and content area literacy. The teacher creates meaningful learning experiences for each student based upon interactions among content area and pedagogical knowledge, and evidence-based practice. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 2A) understands theories and philosophies of learning and human development as they relate to the range of students in the classroom; 2B) understands major concepts, assumptions, debates, and principles; processes of inquiry; and theories that are central to the disciplines; 2C) understands the cognitive processes associated with various kinds of learning (e.g., critical and creative thinking, problem-structuring and problem-solving, invention, memorization, and recall) 2 and ensures attention to these learning processes so that students can master content standards; 2D) understands the relationship of knowledge within the disciplines to other content areas and to life applications; 2E) understands how diverse student characteristics and abilities affect processes of inquiry and influence patterns of learning; 2F) knows how to access the tools and knowledge related to latest findings (e.g., research, practice, methodologies) and technologies in the disciplines; 2G) understands the theory behind and the process for providing support to promote learning when concepts and skills are first being introduced; and 2H) understands the relationship among language acquisition (first and second), literacy development, and acquisition of academic content and skills. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 2I) evaluates teaching resources and materials for appropriateness as related to curricular content and each student’s needs; 2J) uses differing viewpoints, theories, and methods of inquiry in teaching subject matter concepts; 2K) engages students in the processes of critical thinking and inquiry and addresses standards of evidence of the disciplines; 2L) demonstrates fluency in technology systems, uses technology to support instruction and enhance student learning, and designs learning experiences to develop student skills in the application of technology appropriate to the disciplines; 2M) uses a variety of explanations and multiple representations of concepts that capture key ideas to help each student develop conceptual understanding and address common misunderstandings; 2N) facilitates learning experiences that make connections to other content areas and to life experiences; 2O) designs learning experiences and utilizes assistive technology and digital tools to provide access to general curricular content to individuals with disabilities; 2P) adjusts practice to meet the needs of each student in the content areas; and 2Q) applies and adapts an array of content area literacy strategies to make all subject matter accessible to each student. Standard 3 - Planning for Differentiated Instruction – The competent teacher plans and designs instruction based on content area knowledge, diverse student characteristics, student performance data, curriculum goals, and the community context. The teacher plans for ongoing student growth and achievement. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 3A) understands the Illinois Learning Standards (23 Ill. Adm. Code 1.Appendix D), curriculum development process, content, learning theory, assessment, and student development and knows how to incorporate this knowledge in planning differentiated instruction; 3B) understands how to develop short- and long-range plans, including transition plans, consistent with curriculum goals, student diversity, and learning theory; 3C) understands cultural, linguistic, cognitive, physical, and social and emotional differences, and considers the needs of each student when planning instruction; 3D) understands when and how to adjust plans based on outcome data, as well as student needs, goals, and responses; 3E) understands the appropriate role of technology, including assistive technology, to address student needs, as well as how to incorporate contemporary tools and resources to maximize student learning; 3 3F) understands how to co-plan with other classroom teachers, parents or guardians, paraprofessionals, school specialists, and community representatives to design learning experiences; and 3G) understands how research and data guide instructional planning, delivery, and adaptation. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 3H) establishes high expectations for each student’s learning and behavior; 3I) creates short-term and long-term plans to achieve the expectations for student learning; 3J) uses data to plan for differentiated instruction to allow for variations in individual learning needs; 3K) incorporates experiences into instructional practices that relate to a student’s current life experiences and to future life experiences; 3L) creates approaches to learning that are interdisciplinary and that integrate multiple content areas; 3M) develops plans based on student responses and provides for different pathways based on student needs; 3N) accesses and uses a wide range of information and instructional technologies to enhance a student’s ongoing growth and achievement; 3O) when planning instruction, addresses goals and objectives contained in plans developed under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 USC 794), individualized education programs (IEP) (see 23 Ill. Adm. Code 226 (Special Education)) or individual family service plans (IFSP) (see 23 Ill. Adm. Code 226 and 34 CFR 300.24; 2006); 3P) works with others to adapt and modify instruction to meet individual student needs; and 3Q) develops or selects relevant instructional content, materials, resources, and strategies (e.g., project-based learning) for differentiating instruction. Standard 4 - Learning Environment – The competent teacher structures a safe and healthy learning environment that facilitates cultural and linguistic responsiveness, emotional well-being, self-efficacy, positive social interaction, mutual respect, active engagement, academic risk-taking, self-motivation, and personal goal-setting. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 4A) understands principles of and strategies for effective classroom and behavior management; 4B) understands how individuals influence groups and how groups function in society; 4C) understands how to help students work cooperatively and productively in groups; 4D) understands factors (e.g., self-efficacy, positive social interaction) that influence motivation and engagement; 4E) knows how to assess the instructional environment to determine how best to meet a student’s individual needs; 4F) understands laws, rules, and ethical considerations regarding behavior intervention planning and behavior management (e.g., bullying, crisis intervention, physical restraint); 4G) knows strategies to implement behavior management and behavior intervention planning to ensure a safe and productive learning environment; and 4H) understands the use of student data (formative and summative) to design and implement behavior management strategies. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 4I) creates a safe and healthy environment that maximizes student learning; 4J) creates clear expectations and procedures for communication and behavior and a physical setting conducive to achieving classroom goals; 4K) uses strategies to create a smoothly functioning learning community in which students assume responsibility for themselves and one another, participate in decision-making, work collaboratively and independently, use appropriate technology, and engage in purposeful learning activities; 4 4L) analyzes the classroom environment and makes decisions to enhance cultural and linguistic responsiveness, mutual respect, positive social relationships, student motivation, and classroom engagement; 4M) organizes, allocates, and manages time, materials, technology, and physical space to provide active and equitable engagement of students in productive learning activities; 4N) engages students in and monitors individual and group-learning activities that help them develop the motivation to learn; 4O) uses a variety of effective behavioral management techniques appropriate to the needs of all students that include positive behavior interventions and supports; 4P) modifies the learning environment (including the schedule and physical arrangement) to facilitate appropriate behaviors and learning for students with diverse learning characteristics; and 4Q) analyzes student behavior data to develop and support positive behavior. Standard 5 - Instructional Delivery – The competent teacher differentiates instruction by using a variety of strategies that support critical and creative thinking, problem-solving, and continuous growth and learning. This teacher understands that the classroom is a dynamic environment requiring ongoing modification of instruction to enhance learning for each student. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 5A) understands the cognitive processes associated with various kinds of learning; 5B) understands principles and techniques, along with advantages and limitations, associated with a wide range of evidence-based instructional practices; 5C) knows how to implement effective differentiated instruction through the use of a wide variety of materials, technologies, and resources; 5D) understands disciplinary and interdisciplinary instructional approaches and how they relate to life and career experiences; 5E) knows techniques for modifying instructional methods, materials, and the environment to facilitate learning for students with diverse learning characteristics; 5F) knows strategies to maximize student attentiveness and engagement; 5G) knows how to evaluate and use student performance data to adjust instruction while teaching; and 5H) understands when and how to adapt or modify instruction based on outcome data, as well as student needs, goals, and responses. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 5I) uses multiple teaching strategies, including adjusted pacing and flexible grouping, to engage students in active learning opportunities that promote the development of critical and creative thinking, problem-solving, and performance capabilities; 5J) monitors and adjusts strategies in response to feedback from the student; 5K) varies his or her role in the instructional process as instructor, facilitator, coach, or audience in relation to the content and purposes of instruction and the needs of students; 5L) develops a variety of clear, accurate presentations and representations of concepts, using alternative explanations to assist students’ understanding and presenting diverse perspectives to encourage critical and creative thinking; 5M) uses strategies and techniques for facilitating meaningful inclusion of individuals with a range of abilities and experiences; 5N) uses technology to accomplish differentiated instructional objectives that enhance learning for each student; 5O) models and facilitates effective use of current and emerging digital tools to locate, analyze, evaluate, and use information resources to support research and learning; 5P) uses student data to adapt the curriculum and implement instructional strategies and materials according to the characteristics of each student; 5 5Q) uses effective co-planning and co-teaching techniques to deliver instruction to all students; 5R) maximizes instructional time (e.g., minimizes transitional time); and 5S) implements appropriate evidence-based instructional strategies. Standard 6 - Reading, Writing, and Oral Communication – The competent teacher has foundational knowledge of reading, writing, and oral communication within the content area and recognizes and addresses student reading, writing, and oral communication needs to facilitate the acquisition of content knowledge. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 6A) understands appropriate and varied instructional approaches used before, during, and after reading, including those that develop word knowledge, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and strategy use in the content areas; 6B) understands that the reading process involves the construction of meaning through the interactions of the reader's background knowledge and experiences, the information in the text, and the purpose of the reading situation; 6C) understands communication theory, language development, and the role of language in learning; 6D) understands writing processes and their importance to content learning; 6E) knows and models standard conventions of written and oral communications; 6F) recognizes the relationships among reading, writing, and oral communication and understands how to integrate these components to increase content learning; 6G) understands how to design, select, modify, and evaluate a wide range of materials for the content areas and the reading needs of the student; 6H) understands how to use a variety of formal and informal assessments to recognize and address the reading, writing, and oral communication needs of each student; and 6I) knows appropriate and varied instructional approaches, including those that develop word knowledge, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and strategy use in the content areas. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 6J) selects, modifies, and uses a wide range of printed, visual, or auditory materials, and online resources appropriate to the content areas and the reading needs and levels of each student (including ELLs, and struggling and advanced readers); 6K) uses assessment data, student work samples, and observations from continuous monitoring of student progress to plan and evaluate effective content area reading, writing, and oral communication instruction; 6L) facilitates the use of appropriate word identification and vocabulary strategies to develop each student’s understanding of content; 6M) teaches fluency strategies to facilitate comprehension of content; 6N) uses modeling, explanation, practice, and feedback to teach students to monitor and apply comprehension strategies independently, appropriate to the content learning; 6O) teaches students to analyze, evaluate, synthesize, and summarize information in single texts and across multiple texts, including electronic resources; 6P) teaches students to develop written text appropriate to the content areas that utilizes organization (e.g., compare/contrast, problem/solution), focus, elaboration, word choice, and standard conventions (e.g., punctuation, grammar); 6Q) integrates reading, writing, and oral communication to engage students in content learning; 6R) works with other teachers and support personnel to design, adjust, and modify instruction to meet students’ reading, writing, and oral communication needs; and 6S) stimulates discussion in the content areas for varied instructional and conversational purposes. Standard 7 - Assessment – The competent teacher understands and uses appropriate formative and summative assessments for determining student needs, monitoring student progress, measuring student 6 growth, and evaluating student outcomes. The teacher makes decisions driven by data about curricular and instructional effectiveness and adjusts practices to meet the needs of each student. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 7A) understands the purposes, characteristics, and limitations of different types of assessments, including standardized assessments, universal screening, curriculum-based assessment, and progress monitoring tools; 7B) understands that assessment is a means of evaluating how students learn and what they know and are able to do in order to meet the Illinois Learning Standards; 7C) understands measurement theory and assessment-related issues, such as validity, reliability, bias, and appropriate and accurate scoring; 7D) understands current terminology and procedures necessary for the appropriate analysis and interpretation of assessment data; 7E) understands how to select, construct, and use assessment strategies and instruments for diagnosis and evaluation of learning and instruction; 7F) knows research-based assessment strategies appropriate for each student; 7G) understands how to make data-driven decisions using assessment results to adjust practices to meet the needs of each student; 7H) knows legal provisions, rules, and guidelines regarding assessment and assessment accommodations for all student populations; and 7I) knows assessment and progress monitoring techniques to assess the effectiveness of instruction for each student. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 7J) uses assessment results to determine student performance levels, identify learning targets, select appropriate research-based instructional strategies, and implement instruction to enhance learning outcomes; 7K) appropriately uses a variety of formal and informal assessments to evaluate the understanding, progress, and performance of an individual student and the class as a whole; 7L) involves students in self-assessment activities to help them become aware of their strengths and needs and encourages them to establish goals for learning; 7M) maintains useful and accurate records of student work and performance; 7N) accurately interprets and clearly communicates aggregate student performance data to students, parents or guardians, colleagues, and the community in a manner that complies with the requirements of the Illinois School Student Records Act [105 ILCS 10], 23 Ill. Adm. Code 375 (Student Records), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) (20 USC 1232g) and its implementing regulations (34 CFR 99; December 9, 2008); 7O) effectively uses appropriate technologies to conduct assessments, monitor performance, and assess student progress; 7P) collaborates with families and other professionals involved in the assessment of each student; 7Q) uses various types of assessment procedures appropriately, including making accommodations for individual students in specific contexts; and 7R) uses assessment strategies and devices that are nondiscriminatory, and take into consideration the impact of disabilities, methods of communication, cultural background, and primary language on measuring knowledge and performance of students. Standard 8 - Collaborative Relationships – The competent teacher builds and maintains collaborative relationships to foster cognitive, linguistic, physical, and social and emotional development. This teacher works as a team member with professional colleagues, students, parents or guardians, and community members. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 8A) understands schools as organizations within the larger community context; 7 8B) understands the collaborative process and the skills necessary to initiate and carry out that process; 8C) collaborates with others in the use of data to design and implement effective school interventions that benefit all students; 8D) understands the benefits, barriers, and techniques involved in parent and family collaborations; 8E) understands school- and work-based learning environments and the need for collaboration with all organizations (e.g., businesses, community agencies, nonprofit organizations) to enhance student learning; 8F) understands the importance of participating on collaborative and problem-solving teams to create effective academic and behavioral interventions for all students; 8G) understands the various models of co-teaching and the procedures for implementing them across the curriculum; 8H) understands concerns of families of students with disabilities and knows appropriate strategies to collaborate with students and their families in addressing these concerns; and 8I) understands the roles and the importance of including students with disabilities, as appropriate, and all team members in planning individualized education programs (i.e, IEP, IFSP, Section 504 plan) for students with disabilities. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 8J) works with all school personnel (e.g., support staff, teachers, paraprofessionals) to develop learning climates for the school that encourage unity, support a sense of shared purpose, show trust in one another, and value individuals; 8K) participates in collaborative decision-making and problem-solving with colleagues and other professionals to achieve success for all students; 8L) initiates collaboration with others to create opportunities that enhance student learning; 8M) uses digital tools and resources to promote collaborative interactions; 8N) uses effective co-planning and co-teaching techniques to deliver instruction to each student; 8O) collaborates with school personnel in the implementation of appropriate assessment and instruction for designated students; 8P) develops professional relationships with parents and guardians that result in fair and equitable treatment of each student to support growth and learning; 8Q) establishes respectful and productive relationships with parents or guardians and seeks to develop cooperative partnerships to promote student learning and well-being; 8R) uses conflict resolution skills to enhance the effectiveness of collaboration and teamwork; 8S) participates in the design and implementation of individualized instruction for students with special needs (i.e., IEPs, IFSP, transition plans, Section 504 plans), ELLs, and students who are gifted; and 8T) identifies and utilizes community resources to enhance student learning and to provide opportunities for students to explore career opportunities. Standard 9 - Professionalism, Leadership, and Advocacy – The competent teacher is an ethical and reflective practitioner who exhibits professionalism; provides leadership in the learning community; and advocates for students, parents or guardians, and the profession. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 9A) evaluates best practices and research-based materials against benchmarks within the disciplines; 9B) knows laws and rules (e.g., mandatory reporting, sexual misconduct, corporal punishment) as a foundation for the fair and just treatment of all students and their families in the classroom and school; 9C) understands emergency response procedures as required under the School Safety Drill Act [105 ILCS 128/1], including school safety and crisis intervention protocol, initial response 8 actions (e.g., whether to stay in or evacuate a building), and first response to medical emergencies (e.g., first aid and life-saving techniques); 9D) identifies paths for continuous professional growth and improvement, including the design of a professional growth plan; 9E) is cognizant of his or her emerging and developed leadership skills and the applicability of those skills within a variety of learning communities; 9F) understands the roles of an advocate, the process of advocacy, and its place in combating or promoting certain school district practices affecting students; 9G) understands local and global societal issues and responsibilities in an evolving digital culture; and 9H) understands the importance of modeling appropriate dispositions in the classroom. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 9I) models professional behavior that reflects honesty, integrity, personal responsibility, confidentiality, altruism and respect; 9J) maintains accurate records, manages data effectively, and protects the confidentiality of information pertaining to each student and family; 9K) reflects on professional practice and resulting outcomes; engages in self-assessment; and adjusts practices to improve student performance, school goals, and professional growth; 9L) communicates with families, responds to concerns, and contributes to enhanced family participation in student education; 9M) communicates relevant information and ideas effectively to students, parents or guardians, and peers, using a variety of technology and digital-age media and formats; 9N) collaborates with other teachers, students, parents or guardians, specialists, administrators, and community partners to enhance students’ learning and school improvement; 9O) participates in professional development, professional organizations, and learning communities, and engages in peer coaching and mentoring activities to enhance personal growth and development; 9P) uses leadership skills that contribute to individual and collegial growth and development, school improvement, and the advancement of knowledge in the teaching profession; 9Q) proactively serves all students and their families with equity and honor and advocates on their behalf, ensuring the learning and well-being of each child in the classroom; 9R) is aware of and complies with the mandatory reporter provisions of Section 4 of the Abused and Neglected Child Reporting Act [325 ILCS 5/4]; 9S) models digital etiquette and responsible social actions in the use of digital technology; and 9T) models and teaches safe, legal, and ethical use of digital information and technology, including respect for copyright, intellectual property, and the appropriate documentation of sources.WHAT IS SCIENCE? - is a way in which answers related to NATURAL events are proposed. - a way in which people can learn and UNDERSTAND events in the NATURAL WORLD - based on OBSERVABLE EVENTS - a study of the NATURAL WORLD - a method of DISCOVERY and UNDERSTANDING by using a PROBLEM-SOLVING process called the?? - A systematic body of knowledge based on observation and experimentation. FOUR COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE: 1. It focuses on the NATURAL WORLD. 2. Goes through experiment. 3. Relies on evidence. 4. Passes through the scientific community. WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY? Brian Arthur (2009) defined technology as: 1. a means to fulfill a human purpose 2. assemblage of practices and components 3. a collection of devices and engineering practices available to a culture. SOCIETY ST (Science Technology) would not exist without society. WHAT IS STS? Science and Technology and Society (STS) is the study of how society, politics and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation and how these, in turn affects society, politics and culture. EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THAT TRANSFORMED THE SOCIETY (IN THE WORLD) ANCIENT PERIOD 3500 BC. - 500 AD EUROPE - use of fire by Homo Erectus CA 750,000 - Stone Headed Spears CA 45,000 - Wooden bow and arrow CA 20,000 - The Minoans build palaces in Crete CA 2,000 THE AMERICAS - The Folsom people living on eastern side of the Rocky Mountain developed sophisticated tools CA 8,000. - Pottery is made in South America CA 6,000 - Olmec sculpture carves figurines and giant human heads. CA 1200 ASIA AND OCEANA - Earliest known clay pots are made in Japan CA 11,000. - Bronze is first made in Thailand CA 4000 - A lunar calendar is developed in China CA 2950 - Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture CA 2500 - The Hindu calendar of 360 days was introduced in India CA 1000 AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST - Homo erectus uses stone tools CA 1000000 - CA 15000 in Africa, bone harpoons are used for fishing. - Clay tokens are used for record keeping in Mesopotamia CA 7500 - Mesopotamian mathematicians discover the Pythagorean Theorem MEDIEVAL PERIOD CA 500 -1500 - Dark ages because few written records and evidences remained - Scholastic tradition was established by Charlemagne - Vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clock, water mills, gothic style were invented - Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press RENAISSANCE PERIOD 14TH – 17TH CENTURY - Rebirth of revival - Printing with movable type allowed Bible, secular books made in large amount - Nicolas Copernicus presented a heliocentric theory - Galileo Galilei invented telescope INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 18TH CENTURY - Skilled workers were set aside because of the machines - Iron production, steam engine and textile flourished - Scottish James Watt improved steam engine Robert Fulton (steam boat) - The following were invented: Light bulb, telephone, first steam powered locomotive 19TH CENTURY - Age of machine and tools - Herman Helmholtz (law of conservation of energy) - James Clark Maxwell (light as electro-magnetic wave) - Henry Becquerel (radioactivity) - Marie and Pierre Curie (radium) - Hans Christian Oersted (electric current near the magnet) - Michael Faraday (magnet produces electricity) - Atomic Theory proposed by John Dalton - Electron discovered by JJ. Thomson - Telegraph developed by Samuel Morse 20TH CENTURY - Communication, transportation, military research were developed - Personal computer was created - Intel developed microprocessor - Apple was introduced by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak - Internet was created (ARPANET) - Henry Ford's mass production of cars - Artificial Intelligence was invented SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (PHILIPPINE HISTORY) Stone Age - Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C. - Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan. Inventions - They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed method of sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 B.C. - By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery. Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese porcelain. Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments. Iron Age - The Iron Age lasted from the third century B.C. to 11th century A.D. During this period Filipinos were engaged in extraction smelting and refining of iron from ores, until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China. INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES - They learn to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice and dike fields of terraced fields utilizing spring water in mountain regions. - They also learned to build boats for trading purposes. - Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships called caracoa suited for interisland trade raids 10TH CENTURY A.D. - Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-I (Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to the Philippines. These archaeological findings indicated that regular trade relations between the Philippines, China and Vietnam had been well established from the 10th century to the 15th century A.D. TRADING - The People of Ma-I and San-Hsu (Palawan) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin. SOME PRESPANISH FILIPINO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Curative values of plants extract use as medicine - Alphabet (Alibata) - Counting Methods - Weights - Measuring system (isang gatang) - Calendar based on the periods of moon - Banaue Rice Terraces SPANISH REGIME Religion the Catholic Church - The latter part of the 16th Century Development of schools: - Colegio de San Ildefonso-Cebu-1595 - Colegio de San Ignacio-Manila-1595 - Colegio De Nuestra Senora del Rosario-Manila 1597 - Colegio De San Jose-Manila-1601 Colegio De San Ildefonso De Cebu - In 1863 the colonial authorities issued a royal degree to reform the existing educational system. In 1871 the school of medicine and pharmacy were opened to UST, after 15 years it had granted the degree Of Licenciado En Medicina to 62 graduates. Medicine - Development of hospitals San Juan Lazaro hospital the oldest in the far east was founded in 1578. Roads and Bridges Among other Spanish contributions: - Arithmetic - Algebra - Geometry - Trigonometry - Physics - Hydrography - Meteorology - Navigation - Pilotage American Period and Post Commonwealth Era - BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES (1901) - BUREAU OF SCIENCE (1905) - INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE (1946) RA 2067 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE “SCIENCE ACT OF 1958”. - This was enacted to integrate, coordinate, and intensify scientific and technological research and development and to foster invention including allocation of funds and other purposes. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WAS ESTABLISHED ON DECEMBER 8, 1933. - Its Mandate (Nrcp) Promotes And Supports Fundamental Or Basic Research For The Continuing Total Improvement Of The Research Capability Of Individual Scientists Or Group Of Scientists; Provides Advice On Problems And Issues Of National Interest; Promotes Scientific And Technological Culture To All Sectors Of Society; And Fosters Linkages With Local And International Scientific Organizations For Enhanced Cooperation In The Development And Sharing Of Information NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WAS ESTABLISHED IN DECEMBER 8, 1933. - Its Mandate (NRCP) promotes and supports fundamental or basic research for the continuing total improvement of the research capability of individual scientists or group of scientists; provides advice on problems and issues of national interest; promotes scientific and technological culture to all sectors of society; and fosters linkages with local and international scientific organizations for enhanced cooperation in the development and sharing of information. It was during the American Period when Science was inclined towards: - Agriculture - Food Processing - Forestry - Medicine - Pharmacy - Nursing "Sofia e la Rete Invisibile: Una Storia di Coraggio e Consapevolezza" Sofia, una vivace adolescente di 15 anni, amava trascorrere il suo tempo libero online. Era un modo per connettersi con amici, scoprire nuove passioni e rimanere aggiornata sulle ultime tendenze. Tuttavia, Sofia non sapeva che dietro la brillantezza dello schermo si celavano pericoli che avrebbero messo alla prova la sua sicurezza e la sua forza interiore. Un giorno, Sofia ricevette una richiesta di amicizia da un ragazzo molto affascinante di nome Marco. Era il classico "ragazzo perfetto" con interessi simili ai suoi e sembrava conoscerla molto bene. Iniziarono a chattare e Marco sembrava davvero interessato a lei. Presto, i loro messaggi divennero sempre più frequenti, fino a diventare un'abitudine quotidiana. Tuttavia, Sofia non sapeva che dietro l'immagine perfetta di Marco si nascondevano pericoli nascosti. Marco era un abile truffatore virtuale che mirava a sfruttare gli adolescenti online per scopi personali. Marco iniziò ad applicare una serie di tattiche per ingannare Sofia. Utilizzò il grooming per guadagnarsi la sua fiducia, facendole credere di essere una persona di cui potersi fidare. Conquistò il cuore di Sofia e poi iniziò a spingerla a partecipare a una pericolosa sfida online, promettendo popolarità e riconoscimento tra i suoi amici virtuali(challenge) Incuriosita dalle potenziali ricompense, Sofia decise di accettare la sfida, ignara dei rischi nascosti dietro di essa. Ma ciò che sembrava un gioco innocente si trasformò rapidamente in un incubo. La sfida si rivelò manipolata da Marco per coinvolgere gli adolescenti in atti illegali, mettendo in pericolo la loro sicurezza. Successivamente, Marco sfruttò la fiducia guadagnata per spingere Sofia a inviare foto intime di sé stessa. Sostenne che fosse un modo per dimostrare il loro amore virtuale. Ignorando i pericoli del sexting, Sofia acconsentì, inconsapevole delle conseguenze che avrebbe affrontato in seguito. Ciò che Sofia non sapeva era che Marco aveva intenzione di usare quelle foto per ricattarla. Iniziò a minacciarla, dicendole che se non avesse fatto quello che voleva, avrebbe pubblicato le foto su internet. Sofia era terrorizzata e si sentiva intrappolata in una spirale di minacce e abuso emotivo. Determinata a liberarsi dalle grinfie di Marco, Sofia prese coraggio e decise di agire. Si aprì con sua madre, raccontandole l'intera storia e i pericoli a cui era esposta. Insieme, presero le misure necessarie per proteggere Sofia. Bloccarono e segnalarono Marco su tutti i suoi account di social media e di chat. Questo passo cruciale ha impedito a Marco di contattarla e di avere ulteriori influenze sulla sua vita online. Sofia non si fermò qui. Raccolse prove delle minacce, dei messaggi ingannevoli e del ricatto perpetrato da Marco. Fece screenshot delle conversazioni e salvò copie dei messaggi ricevuti, creando una solida documentazione delle azioni di Marco. Queste prove sarebbero state fondamentali per intraprendere azioni legali e proteggere se stessa. Con le prove in mano, Sofia decise di segnalare l'account di Marco alle piattaforme e ai servizi di social media che stavano utilizzando. Fornì loro tutte le prove raccolte, consentendo loro di prendere provvedimenti contro il comportamento dannoso di Marco. Rendendo le autorità competenti consapevoli della situazione, Sofia coinvolse la polizia postale o un'organizzazione specializzata in crimini informatici. Fornì loro tutte le prove e le informazioni necessarie per avviare un'indagine approfondita su Marco. Sofia sapeva che doveva anche cercare supporto da esperti di sicurezza informatica specializzati in questioni di cybercrimine. Ottenne consigli su come proteggersi meglio online e su come prevenire situazioni simili in futuro. Questa consulenza le permise di comprendere meglio i pericoli della rete e di acquisire le competenze necessarie per proteggersi e navigare in modo sicuro online. Con coraggio e determinazione, Sofia prese misure concrete per liberarsi da Marco e proteggere se stessa. La sua storia è un esempio di resilienza e consapevolezza per gli altri adolescenti che potrebbero trovarsi in situazioni simili. Sofia ha dimostrato che è possibile combattere i pericoli della rete e ottenere giustizia, cercando il sostegno delle persone fidate, utilizzando le risorse a disposizione e facendo sentire la propria voce "La Missione Digitale: Proteggere il Mondo Virtuale" C'era una volta un gruppo di studenti di 15 anni, conosciuti come "The Digital Defenders", che avevano un talento speciale per la tecnologia. Amavano esplorare il mondo digitale e sfruttarne le opportunità. Ma un giorno, un pericoloso nemico minacciò la tranquillità del loro mondo virtuale. Questo nemico malvagio era conosciuto come "Il Cacciatore Digitale". Il suo scopo era infiltrarsi nei computer degli utenti, rubare informazioni personali e diffondere caos attraverso il cyberspazio. Il Cacciatore Digitale utilizzava diverse armi per raggiungere i suoi scopi. Una delle sue armi più potenti era il "Fishing". Usava messaggi ingannevoli e siti web contraffatti per cercare di catturare le informazioni personali degli utenti. Si fingeva spesso una figura di autorità, cercando di indurre gli utenti a fornire le loro password o i dati sensibili. Ma i Digital Defenders non si sarebbero arresi facilmente. Si misero all'opera per difendere il loro mondo digitale. Si dotarono di antivirus e antimalware potenti per combattere i virus e gli spyware, che erano armi preferite del Cacciatore Digitale. I Digital Defenders si addestrarono per riconoscere le trappole del Cacciatore Digitale. Impararono a identificare gli avvisi di sicurezza, a evitare di cliccare su link sospetti e a non aprire allegati di email provenienti da mittenti non fidati. Era fondamentale essere cauti e diffidare delle richieste di inserire informazioni personali su siti web non sicuri. Un altro strumento importante nella loro difesa era l'uso di password sicure. I Digital Defenders impararono che una password sicura doveva essere lunga, contenere una combinazione di lettere maiuscole e minuscole, numeri e caratteri speciali. Evitarono di utilizzare password facili da indovinare come nomi di animali domestici o date di compleanno. I Digital Defenders erano consapevoli che i cookie, piccoli file salvati sui loro dispositivi, potevano rivelare informazioni personali e tracciare le loro attività online. Impararono a gestire le impostazioni dei cookie nei loro browser e a cancellarli regolarmente per proteggere la loro privacy. Infine, i Digital Defenders si unirono a una missione importante: educare gli altri studenti sulla sicurezza digitale. Organizzarono workshop nelle loro scuole, condivisero consigli sui social media e si impegnarono a diffondere la consapevolezza sugli attacchi digitali e le misure di sicurezza. La loro missione ebbe successo. Gli studenti impararono ad affrontare il Cacciatore Digitale con fiducia. Ognuno di loro divenne un difensore digitale, pronti a proteggere il mondo virtuale. Con il loro impegno e la loro determinazione, i Digital Defenders riuscirono a sconfiggere il Cacciatore Digitale e a proteggere il mondo virtuale. La loro storia è un monito per tutti gli studenti di 15 anni, invitandoli a essere consapevoli dei pericoli digitali e a prendere misure per proteggere la loro sicurezza e privacy online. "La Conquista della Libertà Digitale: Il Viaggio di Luca" C'era una volta un ragazzo di nome Luca, un adolescente di 15 anni, che si trovava nel bel mezzo di una sfida epica: la conquista della libertà digitale. Luca amava il mondo online, passava ore a navigare sui social media, a giocare a videogiochi e a guardare video su Internet. Ma pian piano, si rese conto che la sua passione per la tecnologia stava prendendo il controllo della sua vita. Luca iniziò a notare che stava diventando sempre più dipendente da Internet. Passava notti insonni a chattare con gli amici virtuali e a navigare senza sosta, trascurando i suoi compiti scolastici e gli hobby che un tempo lo appassionavano. La sua dipendenza stava mettendo a rischio i suoi rapporti personali e la sua salute mentale. Un giorno, Luca si imbatté in una comunità online chiamata "Digital Freedom Fighters", formata da giovani coraggiosi che cercavano di liberarsi dalla dipendenza da Internet. Si unì a loro e insieme intrapresero un viaggio di autodisciplina e consapevolezza. Luca imparò che la sua dipendenza da Internet poteva essere causata dalla sindrome di "FOMO" (Fear of Missing Out), la paura di perdere qualcosa di importante o di essere escluso, e dalla sindrome di "FoMOB" (Fear of Missing Out on Better), la paura di perdere qualcosa di ancora migliore. La costante paura di perdere o di essere escluso lo spingeva a controllare continuamente il suo telefono e a rimanere connesso in ogni momento. I Digital Freedom Fighters guidarono Luca attraverso una serie di sfide per aiutarlo a prendere il controllo della sua vita digitale. La prima sfida consisteva nel fissare degli orari specifici per l'uso di Internet e dei dispositivi digitali. Luca si impegnò a dedicare del tempo alle attività offline, come leggere un libro, fare sport o trascorrere del tempo con la famiglia e gli amici. La seconda sfida consisteva nel disconnettersi completamente per un intero giorno. Luca si rese conto di quanto fosse dipendente dai suoi dispositivi quando provò l'ansia da disconnessione. Ma, col tempo, imparò ad apprezzare la libertà che deriva dal distacco digitale e a vivere il momento presente senza la costante interferenza della tecnologia. La terza sfida era quella di creare un diario delle emozioni. Luca iniziò a tenere traccia delle sue emozioni quando era online e quando era offline. Questo gli permise di comprendere meglio il suo stato mentale e le motivazioni dietro il suo comportamento digitale. Scoprì che spesso cercava distrazione o evasione attraverso Internet, ma che poteva trovare modi più sani per gestire le sue emozioni. Affrontando questi nuovi ostacoli, Luca si rese conto di essere affetto anche da nomofobia, la paura di essere senza il suo telefono o di non poter accedere a Internet. Questa paura lo rendeva ansioso e incapace di distogliere lo sguardo dallo schermo. Inoltre, Luca scoprì di essere a rischio di sviluppare la sindrome di "hikikomori", un fenomeno in cui le persone si ritirano completamente dalla società reale e si isolano nel mondo virtuale. Si rese conto che era importante trovare un equilibrio tra la sua vita online e offline, per evitare di perdere il contatto con il mondo reale e le relazioni significative. Inoltre, Luca notò che la sua dipendenza da Internet stava influenzando anche la sua capacità di concentrarsi e di mantenere l'attenzione. Questo deficit dell'attenzione rendeva difficile per lui concentrarsi sui compiti scolastici o sulle conversazioni reali, poiché la sua mente era costantemente attratta dalle notifiche e dalle distrazioni digitali. Affrontando questi nuovi ostacoli, Luca si armò di strategie per gestire la sua nomofobia, il rischio di kikikomori e il deficit dell'attenzione. Imparò a mettere il telefono in modalità silenziosa o a disattivare le notifiche durante le attività importanti, così da ridurre le distrazioni. Utilizzò tecniche di gestione dello stress, come la meditazione e l'esercizio fisico, per controllare l'ansia e mantenersi focalizzato. Inoltre, Luca si impegnò a impegnarsi in attività offline gratificanti, come la lettura di libri, la pratica di un hobby o il volontariato, per riempire il vuoto creato dalla sua dipendenza da Internet. Trovò nuovi modi per connettersi con gli altri nella vita reale, partecipando a gruppi di interesse comune e creando legami significativi. Con il passare del tempo, Luca riuscì a ritrovare l'equilibrio tra la sua vita digitale e quella reale. Sperimentò una maggiore soddisfazione nelle sue relazioni personali, un miglioramento delle prestazioni scolastiche e una maggiore consapevolezza del tempo trascorso online. La storia di Luca è un monito per gli studenti di 15 anni, invitandoli a riflettere sull'importanza di gestire in modo sano e consapevole la propria presenza online. È essenziale trovare un equilibrio tra il mondo digitale e quello reale, evitando le trappole della dipendenza e imparando a vivere una vita piena e significativa al di là dello schermo.Interpret the scales used in graphs, including pie charts, to solve problemsInterpret the RemainderInterpret the absolute value of a rational number as the distance from zero on a number line: ➢ given a mathematical context (L3) ➢ given a real-world context (L4) ➢ and explain its meaning given a real-world context Interpret the meaning suggested in visual media through a focus on visual elements, for example, line, symbols, colour, gaze, framing and social distance4th grade interpret the remainder word problems and review