
Into Film Safeguarding
Quiz by Sean Kelly
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âSean is conducting an online workshop for secondary students. Can you identify five safeguarding issues within this image?

âSarah aged 12
I watched Barbie with my friend Molly Sloan we go to the regal cinema in ipswitch every saturday afternoon we get a big popcorn and I bring a drink that we share. This film is about barbies and how they tried to help women in the real world but later finding out it isn't what it seems and things start going downhill for them as well. Having a deep meaning about how controlling men can be in the world. I think it is a very enjoyable film with alot of jokes for older and younger viewers. I would say that look of the film is seemed to be for younger girls but I do think older people probably no older then 60s would enjoy this film as it is very entertaining. I love the outfits in this and as well love the colour pink which alot of the film colour is. My teacher miss Watson has a pink front door I can see it from the bus when we go past the tesco on temple road. Overall very good film and I didn't get bored at all watching it.Â

Sean is conducting an online workshop for secondary students. Can you identify five safeguarding issues within this image?

Sarah aged 12
I watched Barbie with my friend Molly Sloan we go to the regal cinema in ipswitch every saturday afternoon we get a big popcorn and I bring a drink that we share. This film is about barbies and how they tried to help women in the real world but later finding out it isn't what it seems and things start going downhill for them as well. Having a deep meaning about how controlling men can be in the world. I think it is a very enjoyable film with alot of jokes for older and younger viewers. I would say that look of the film is seemed to be for younger girls but I do think older people probably no older then 60s would enjoy this film as it is very entertaining. I love the outfits in this and as well love the colour pink which alot of the film colour is. My teacher miss Watson has a pink front door I can see it from the bus when we go past the tesco on temple road. Overall very good film and I didn't get bored at all watching it.Â

The film begins as a journey to film the largest animal on the planet, the blue whale. But during the journey the filmmakers (journalist Craig Leeson and environmental activist Tanya Streeter) make the shocking discovery of a huge, thick layer of plastic floating in the middle of the Indian Ocean. This prompts them to travel around the world to look at other areas that have been affected. In total, they visited 20 locations around the world during the four years it took them to make the film. The documentary premiered in 2016, and is now on streaming services such as Netflix.Itâs very clear that a lot of research went into the film. There are beautiful shots of the seas and marine life. These are contrasted with scenes of polluted cities and dumps full of plastic rubbish. We see how marine species are being killed by all the plastic we are dumping in the ocean. The message about our use of plastic is painfully obvious. But the film doesnât only present the negative side. In the second half, the filmmakers look at what we can do to reverse the tide of plastic flowing around the world. They present short-term and long-term solutions. These include avoiding plastic containers and âsingle-useâ plastic products as much as possible. Reuse your plastic bags and recycle as much as you can. The filmmakers also stress the need for governments to work more on recycling programmers, and look at how technology is developing that can convert plastic into fuel We make a staggering amount of plastic. In terms of plastic bags alone, we use five hundred billion worldwide annually. Over 300 million tons of plastic are produced every year, and at least 8 million of those are dumped into the oceans. The results are disastrous, but it isnât too late to change. Once youâve seen A Plastic Ocean, youâll realize the time is now and we all have a role to play.
Slide 1: ⢠Title slide with the presentation topic: "Understanding Context in Film Analysis" Slide 2: ⢠Introduction to the importance of context in film analysis. ⢠Engaging visuals to capture students' attention. ⢠Emphasize that context provides a deeper understanding of a film's meaning. Slide 3: ⢠Definition of Context: ⢠Context refers to the surrounding circumstances or conditions that influence the creation, interpretation, and reception of a film. ⢠Analyzing context helps uncover layers of meaning, societal influences, and enhances critical thinking skills. Slide 4: ⢠Historical Context: ⢠Definition: Historical context refers to the specific time period in which a film was created and/or set. ⢠Importance: Understanding the historical context helps us connect the film to its time period and comprehend the influence of historical events, social norms, and cultural movements. ⢠Example: Analyzing the historical context of "Gone with the Wind" (1939) allows us to appreciate how the film reflects the post-Civil War era in the United States and addresses themes of race, class, and gender. Slide 5: ⢠Social Context: ⢠Definition: Social context refers to the social structures, norms, and values prevalent during the time of a film's creation and/or setting. ⢠Importance: Examining the social context helps us understand how societal attitudes and values shape the film's narrative, characters, and themes. ⢠Example: Analyzing the social context of "The Breakfast Club" (1985) reveals how the film explores the social dynamics and stereotypes within a high school setting, reflecting the cultural climate of the 1980s. Slide 6: ⢠Political Context: ⢠Definition: Political context refers to the political climate and ideologies present during the time of a film's creation and/or setting. ⢠Importance: Understanding the political context helps us uncover political messages, power dynamics, and social commentary within the film. ⢠Example: Examining the political context of "V for Vendetta" (2005) allows us to appreciate how the film critiques totalitarianism and explores themes of government control and individual freedom. Slide 7: ⢠Authorial/Directorial Context: ⢠Definition: Authorial/Directorial context refers to the background, artistic choices, and intentions of the director or filmmaker. ⢠Importance: Analyzing this context helps us understand the director's unique vision, influences, and storytelling techniques, which shape the film's style and thematic focus. ⢠Example: Exploring the authorial/directorial context of "Pulp Fiction" (1994) reveals Quentin Tarantino's nonlinear storytelling, pop culture references, and exploration of morality and violence. Slide 8: ⢠Importance of considering multiple contexts together: ⢠Analyzing multiple contexts together provides a comprehensive understanding of a film's meaning and impact. ⢠Exploring the interplay between historical, social, political, and authorial/directorial contexts deepens our insights and enhances critical analysis skills. Slide 9: ⢠Case studies: ⢠Present two different films as case studies. ⢠Example 1: Analyzing the historical context, social context, and authorial/directorial context of "Black Panther" (2018) provides insights into its exploration of Afrofuturism, cultural identity, and representation. ⢠Example 2: Examining the historical context, political context, and authorial/directorial context of "Citizen Kane" (1941) reveals its commentary on power, media, and the American dream. Slide 10: ⢠Summary slide: ⢠Recap the main points about context in film analysis. ⢠Encourage students to apply these concepts to their own analysis.
Camera traps Technology is being used more and more in film and photography, For example, wildlife photographers sometimes use camera traps. When a photographer uses a camera frap the camera is hidden; for example, in a tree or on the ground so the animals cannot see it. When an animal moves near the camera, the camera is furned on and it takes a photo or a short film. Sometimes the camera is fixed onto an animal so it can take a film as the animal moves. The film then helps us to leam much more about the animal's life. Photo engineers of National Geographic design camera traps to help photographers hide cameras, for example in birds nests or on the ocean floor. They've designed camera traps for National Geographic photographers like Steve Winter, who takes photos of wild animals such as tigers, leopards, jaguars and bears. The camera trops are set up so that the animal looks straight into the camera. Steve thinks that if people see good photos of wild animals, they'll understand more about the animals and want to protect them. Photo engineers have to design cameras that will not break when they're being used in places like jungles or the ocean. Sometimes photographers use small remote-controlled cars to carry cameras. Technology is improving all of the time and helping photographers to take amazing photos. Thanks to the technology of camera traps, we can all see the world in new and interesting ways.
Filmic Techniques Based on the work of Brad Smilanich Mis-en-Scene: originally a French theatrical term arrangements of all the visual elements of the stage area in film â âthe contents of the frame and the way those contents are organizedâ include: lighting, costume, dĂŠcor, props, camera movement or distance . . . all photographic decisions etc. Proxemics: Spatial relationship among characters within the mis-en-scene Rule of Thirds: a compositional rule of thumb in painting, design, photography etc. suggests image divided into 9 equal parts with two vertical and two horizontal lines important elements of the mis-en-scene should be placed along these lines and their intersections some suggest aligning with intersections makes for more interesting pictures than just centreing the subject Proxemics Camera Distance: Quite literally, how far the camera is from the subject being filmed The Hand Camera Camera Distance: Quite literally, how far the camera is from the subject being filmed Extreme Close Up: Singles out one small portion of the body or object Used to intensify emotion, or show reaction Camera Distance: Close up Shot: Shows head of character or small significant object Used to show emotions Camera Distance: Medium Shot: shows figures from the waist up allows character to be seen within background Camera Distance: Long Shot: shows figures from feet up similar to the âstageâ in live theatre orients audience to figures within a location or surrounding Camera Distance: Extreme Long Shot: Sometimes called an âestablishing shotâ Panoramic view of an exterior location orients audience to a location Camera Distance: Camera Angle: Cameraâs angle of view relative to the subject being photographed High Angle Shot: looks down on the subject often used to make the subject look small and insignificant (in combination with camera distance) puts the camera (audience) in âpowerâ position Camera Angle: Low Angle Shot: looks up at the subject often used to make the subject look large and powerful puts the camera (audience) in a âsubmissiveâ position Camera Angle: Flat Angle Shot: camera on same plane as the subject feels most ânormalâ to an audience Camera Angle: Canted Shot: frame is unbalanced in relation to the subject may indicate a symbolic unbalance in the character Camera Angle: Camera Movement literally the camera moving with or around or to follow the subjects in the mis-en-scene or frame Camera Movement: Tilting Movement camera moves up or down on a horizontal axis similar to head nodding movement may be used to show subjects relation to surroundings Camera Movement: Panning Movement camera moves side to side on a vertical axis similar to head shaking movement may be used to establish setting Camera Movement: Dolly Movement camera mounted on a vehicle that moves along with the subject (camera moves, not pivots) follows the subject to signify something important Camera Movement: Crane Shot camera mounted on a crane or boom permits camera to move in & out, up & down, backward & forward often used for high aerial establishing shots Misc. Shots: Hand Held: camera carried to seem jerky, giving ârealistic feelâ Push In: camera moves up to a characterâs face to indicate an epiphany (realization) Spiral: camera circles subject for effect End for ELA 20-2 and 10-1 Shot Transitions/Editing: artificial editing done to string together multiple shots to create a narrative scene or sequence a cut is the change from one shot to another usually separated in to âsoftâ and âhardâ cuts Jump Cut: an instantaneous change from one shot to another this can be very natural or may disorient the audience, depending on how it is used Transitions/Editing Swish Pan: A pan where the speed of the camera is so fast that images are blurry used often to connect events in different settings that are connected by time Transitions/Editing Dissolve: transition where one shot gradually dissapears while another shot gradually appears often used to suggest change of setting or long time passage i.e. flashbacks Transitions/Editing Fade In/Out: transition where the shot gradually overexposes to white or underexposes to black often used to suggest a lengthy passage of time or change in location Transitions/Editing Wipe: transition where one shot is gradually eliminated as another shot moves onto the screen can be vertically or horizontally often suggests movement of the camera to another location Transitions/Editing Iris In/Out: transition where one shot gradually appears as an expanding circle in the middle of an old image suggests . . .??? Transitions/Editing Shot-Reverse Shot: one character is shown looking (often off-screen) at another character, and then the other character is shown looking "back" at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer unconciously assumes that they are looking at each other. Transitions/Editing Two-Shot: Face-up shot of two people. Often used in interviews, or when two presenters are hosting a show. A "One-Shot" could be a mid-shot of either of these subjects. A "Three-Shot", unsurprisingly, contains three people. Transitions/Editing Shot Transitions/Editing: Sound: used to reflect or enhance what is shown visually on the screen can include dialogue, music, sound effects, voiceover etc. Diegetic Sound: sound that has a source in the world of the story dialogue spoken by characters, sound made by objects, or music coming from a source grounded in the story of the film Non-diegetic Sound: sound that has a source outside the world of the story usually part of the score or the soundtrack Parallel Sound: sound that complements the image shown i.e. romantic music during a love scene Counterpoint Sound: sound that contradicts the âfeelingâ of the image a happy song played while images of graphic violence are portrayed Voiceover: voice of a non-visible narrator laid over the scene often provides some comment about the narrative of the film Sound Bridge: used to âsoftenâ the transition between one scene and another takes sound from the next shot and overlays it on the current shot 2-3 seconds earlier than we see the image Examples of Diegetic/Non-Diegetic: In the first clip, the non-diegetic music changes to diegetic music when the main character moves inside of the convenience store. In the second clip, the âduhn duhn duuuuhâ which often is non-diegetic becomes diegetic because it is the band in the passing bus playing that music! End for ELA 20-1 Lighting: Can be used by a director to: Control the mood of a scene guide a viewerâs eye to a specific place in mis-en-scene Emphasize and de-emphasize elements in frame Add texture and color Make people look beautiful, ugly, sinister, or angelic Standard 3-Point Lighting: uses three lights called the key light, fill light and back light forms the basis of most lighting. once you understand three point lighting you are well on the way to understanding all lighting. Key Light: main light usually the strongest and has the most influence on the look of the scene. it is placed to one side of the camera/subject so that side is well lit and other side has shadow. Fill Light: secondary light is placed on the opposite side of the key light used to fill the shadows created by key softer and less bright than key Back Light: placed behind the subject ; lights it from the rear. provides definition and subtle highlights around the subject's outlines. Separates subject from background provides a three-dimensional look. Standard 3-Point Lighting: http://www.zvork.fr/vls/ Try using this simulator to play with lighting with those 3 points.
A Choose the correct answer. 1 When his grandma died, he came âŚ.. some of her money and property. A into C across B up D round 2 We should try to âŚ.. the amount of rubbish in our area. A increase C provide B improve D reduce 3 I avoid driving to work because there are always âŚ.. jams in the centre. A transport C power B traffic D station 4 By the end of the year, there will be more âŚ.. farms in our city. A solar C floating B vertical D electric 5 Who is going to âŚ.. our new piano? A deal C deliver B produce D construct 6 She doesnât like being âŚ.. in the house; she wants people around her. A healthy C lonely B crowded D alone 7 Why donât you come âŚ.. for dinner tonight? A up C over B into D back 8 Mr Jones has found the cure for a serious âŚ.. . A disease C crime B pollution D poverty 9 Scientists are hopeful âŚ.. the future of energy sources. A for C about B in D with 10 Do you think âŚ.. tube trains will ever be used? A drone C charging B front D vacuum Grammar B Choose the correct answer. 1 Iâll still âŚ.. two hours from now. A have gardened C garden B have gardening D be gardening 2 âŚ.. you âŚ.. your homework by 7 oâclock? A Will ... finish C Will ⌠have finished B Will ⌠be finishing D Wonât ⌠finish 3 By 2100, experts âŚ.. new energy sources. A will have discovered C will be discovering B will be discovered D will discover 4 The film will have started before we âŚ.. there. A will have got C get B will get D will be getting 5 This time tomorrow, Sheila âŚ.. a job interview. A will have C will be having B is having D will have had 6 David ..... back from work by dinner time. A will be coming C will have come B will come D wonât be coming 7 I canât believe that in a few hours, we âŚ.. our first live concert. A are performing C will have performed B will be performing D will perform 8 âŚ.. next Friday, I will be flying to Glasgow. A This time C By B At D Until 9 Jake âŚ.. by the end of September. A will retire C will have retired B is retiring D will be retiring 10 âŚ.. the time Mum gets home, I will have tidied my room. A Before C Until B At D By Everyday English C Choose the correct answer. 1 A: How did you find that job? B: a Iâll be working in the local library. b Iâll be there from June 15th. c There was an advert online. 2 A: I canât wait! B: a Sounds like fun. b Iâll work in my uncleâs restaurant. c Iâll stay there for two weeks. 3 A: Do you have any plans for the summer? B: a Really? b What about you? c Havenât I told you? 4 A: What will your duties be? B: a Iâll be flying to London to see my uncle. b Iâll be helping customers. c Iâll have earned enough money to buy a new smartphone. 5 A: How long will you stay there? B: a Until the end of July. b Well, this time next week, Iâll be relaxing. c And what are your plans?
Identify the tone and mood using this stimulus "Dazzled by so many and such marvellous inventions, the people of Macondo did not know where their amazement began. They stayed up all night looking at the pale electric bulbs fed by the plant that Aureliano Triste had brought back when the train made its second trip, and it took time and effort for them to grow accustomed to its obsessive toom-toom. They became indignant over the living images that the prosperous merchant Don Bruno Crespi projected in the theatre with the lion-head ticket windows, for a character who had died and was buried in one film, and for whose misfortune tears of affliction had been shed, would reappear alive and transformed into an Arab in the next one. The audience, who paid two centavos apiece to share the difficulties of the actors, would not tolerate that outlandish fraud and they broke up the seats. The mayor, at the urging of Don Bruno Crespi, explained by means of a proclamation that the cinema was a machine of illusions that did not merit the emotional outburst of the audience. With that discouraging explanation many felt that they had been the victims of some new and showy gypsy business and they decided not to return to the movies, considering that they already had too many troubles of their own to weep over the acted-out misfortunes of imaginary beings."
Match the word to its synonym level B1 CEFR. Use the vocabulary exactly adverb precisely except that aside from exist verb to be real existing adjective real, current Example: Flying cars are not practical with existing technology. existence noun reality Example: The existence of black holes has been confirmed by indirect observation. extraordinary adjective unusual feature noun important part of something Example: The Ramon Crater is a unique feature of the Negev Desert. feedback noun reaction figure noun shape Example: I canât tell if that figure in the shadows is a man or a woman. figure out verb understand Example: I just canât figure out how the magician did that amazing trick. financial adjective related to money Example: Her family is having financial problems so they canât travel overseas this year. finance verb pay for Example: If I canât get a loan from the bank, I wonât be able to finance a new apartment. finance noun money Example: An expert in finance predicts a global recession. finding/findings noun discoveries; results of a study Example: According to the findings of the police investigation, this is the gun which fired the fatal bullet. flexibility noun willingness to change flexible adjective adjusts easily Example: Iâd prefer to meet on Monday morning but I can be flexible depending upon your schedule. flood noun a lot of water flood verb to cover with too much water flu noun type of sickness focus on/upon verb pay attention to Example: You should focus on your schoolwork if you want to improve your grades. focus noun attention People with attention deficit disorder lose focus easily. frequency noun how often frequent adjective very often Example: Hanah is a frequent customer and everyone at the store knows her. fresh adjective new Example: We need some fresh ideas if weâre going to solve this problem. frighten verb scare from preposition position, starting point gain verb make an increase, profit, earn Example: I have nothing to gain by choosing sides so I shall remain neutral. gain noun profit, amount earned generate verb create, make Example: Chat GPT can generate text written in any style you choose. guidance noun help, advice hopeful adjective optimistic, having a positive outlook Example: The farmers are hopeful that we will have rain this winter. hopefully adjective with luck ideal adjective best, most preferable Example: Nuclear power may not be an ideal solution to global warming, but itâs certainly worth considering. illness noun sickness, disease illustrate verb draw pictures illustration noun picture, image Example: Childrenâs storybooks have colorful illustrations. image noun picture, especially on film or television Example: The mother of the pop singer cried when she first saw her daughterâs image on television. in preposition within, inside, into in terms of regarding Example: That company makes a great product but theyâre lacking in terms of customer service. in actual fact in truth Example: The mayor says the city is a safe place to live, but in actual fact the violent crime rate is very high. in connection with about Example: Police arrested four men in connection with the robbery. in that case if that is true Example: Billy Bob: âTraffic could be heavy tomorrow.â Peggy Sue: âIn that case, we better leave early.â in the meantime while, during Example: The new computers wonât arrive until next week, but we can keep using the old ones in the meantime. initial adjective first Example: Her initial reaction to that song was negative, but over time sheâs come to like it. initially adverb at first instruction noun teaching, order Example: Most new electronic devices come with a set of instructions. intelligence noun smartness Example: Since you have a degree from a good university, I assume you have sufficient intelligence to understand this problem. intelligent adjective smart Example: Joe isnât very intelligent, but he is a kind person with a warm heart. interest noun attraction Example: Yossi has little interest in politics, whereas his wife goes to all the protests and demonstrations. interest verb to attract Example: Sports donât really interest me, but my brother is a big basketball fan. introduce verb to show something new Example: Today in class I will introduce the basic concepts of literary analysis. invest verb to put money into something in order to earn money Example: Joe invested in cryptocurrency and lost a lot of money. investor noun one who puts money into something in order to earn money Example: Venture capitalists are investors who put money into risky start-up businesses. investment noun putting money into something in order to earn money Example: Buying real estate in Israel is a very safe investment because the value never goes down. investigate verb research, study Example: The police collected evidence to investigate the murder. investigation noun study Example: The police donât have a suspect for the murder as the investigation isnât finished yet. investigator noun detective Example: Detective Schmendrick is the lead investigator for the murder case. just about almost Example: Iâm just about done here so Iâll be there shortly. keep on doing verb continue Example: Youâre crazy if you keep on doing the same thing and expect different results. kind of type of Example: What kind of dog is that, a poodle? knowledge noun awareness Example: John failed the test due to lack of knowledge of the material. lack verb not having, missing Example: John failed the test due to lack of knowledge of the material. landscape noun the view of the land likely adjective, adverb probably Example: When we learn from our mistakes, weâre not likely to forget. limited adjective restricted Example: We should go to the store today because the sale is for a limited time only. limitation noun restriction little adjective small, not a lot Example: She always tells the truth. I have little reason to doubt her. look at verb see Example: People used to read newspapers on the train. Nowadays they just look at their phones. low adverb to a small amount or level Example: I have to charge my phone because the battery is running low. material noun documents, information Example: We have a lot of material to cover before the end of the semester. meaning noun significance mean verb to have significance or purpose means noun form of, by the use of Example: They communicate by means of radio. measure noun step Example: The teacher took measures to prevent cheating during the test mention verb to say, point out Example: The coach said the team played very well today but didnât mention any player specifically. miss verb (1) fail to catch (2) wishing to see somebody Examples: (1) The football player kicked the ball but missed the goal. (2) Wow, itâs good to see you! Iâve missed you so much! misunderstand verb understand incorrectly Example: Iâm afraid I misunderstood the instructions. Could you repeat them please? more or less approximately, somewhat, to a varying degree Example: This is more or less a religious neighborhood, though there are a few secular families. must modal verb have to naturally adverb as expected, normally nature noun (1) open air (2) character Examples: (1) We like to go hiking in nature reserves. (2) Pit bulls are aggressive by nature.
HEALTH EDUCATION 3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: Students should able to know about_______ 1. definition of health education 2. aims of health education 3. objectives of health education 4. principles of health education 5. scope of health education 6. planning of health education 7. steps in planning health education 8. levels of health education 9. doctors s responsibility 4. INTRODUCTION: Health education is a term frequently used by health care professional. its aims at individual and community health. Health education is the translation of what is known about health into desirable individual and community behaviour pattern by means of an education process. Definition: âA process aimed at encouraging people to want to be healthy , to know how to stay healthy, to do what they can individually and collectively to maintain health And seek help when neededâ. OBJECTIVES - To inform people or disseminate scientific knowledge about prevention of disease and promotion of health - To motivate people to change their habits and lifestyle that are harmful to their health also motivate people to adopt habits and ways of living conducive to healthy living. - To guide the people who need help to adapt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyle by showing proper community resources. --- PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION - Credibility Of Message: It is the degree to which the message to be communicated is perceived as trustworthy by the receiver. - Creating interest among participants: It is a psychological principle that people are unlikely to listen to things that are not of their interest. If a health programme is based on the felt needs, people will participate in the programme willingly. - Motivating the participants: Motivation is like a petrol engine that drives the mental engine. It is the fundamental desire in every person to learn. Motivation is contagious; one motivated person may spread motivation throughout the group. 13. - Enhance comprehension of content: It means health education should be based on the level of understanding, education and literacy of people at whom the teaching is directed. Teaching should be within the mental capacity of the audience. - Ensure reinforcement: Repetition at intervals is necessary to promote learning. Without reinforcement and feedback, students can go back to the pre-awareness stage. - Encourage active participation: Health education should aim at encouraging people to work actively with health workers and others in identifying their own health problems and also in developing solutions. 14. - Learning by doing: Teaching is effective when individuals actively participate in health education. Learning becomes active and quicker if the individuals are made active physically as well as psychologically. - Known to unknown: The people in a community know something and the health educator enlarges this knowledge. If the health educator links new knowledge with the old knowledge, it can enhance learning. - Maintaining good human relations: Sharing of information, ideas and feelings happens most easily between people who have a good relationship. 15. - Setting an example: The health educators should set a good example in the topic they are dealing with as it fosters better understanding. - Regular feedback: Feedback is one of the key concepts of the system approach. The health educator can modify the elements of the system in light of the feedback from his audience. For effective communication, feedback is of paramount importance - Efficient leadership: Leaders are agents of change and they can be made use of in health education work. Psychologists have shown and established that we learn best from people we respect and regard. 16. The essential attributes of a leader are as follows - Understands the needs of the community. - Provides proper guidance. - Takes initiative. - Is receptive to the views and suggestions of people. - Identifies himself with the community. Is selfless, honest, impartial, considerate and sincere. - Is easily accessible to people. 17. SCOPE OF HEALTH EDUCATION 1. Nutrition 2. Hygiene 3. Family health 4. Disease prevention and cantrol 5. Psychological health 6. Prevention of accident 7. Use of health services 8. Human biology 19. - Nutrition: The aim of nutrition education is to guide people to choose optimum and balanced diets, remove prejudices and promote good dietary habits. nutrition education is a major intervention for the prevention of malnutrition, promotion of health and improving the quality of life. 20. - Hygiene: This has two aspects: personal and environmental. Personal: The aim of personal hygiene is to promote standards of personal cleanliness . Environmental: Has two aspects: Domestic and community. All environmental sanitation programmes should include health education 21. - Family health: The family is the first defence as well as the chief reliance for the well-being of its members. One of the main tasks of health education is to promote family self-reliance, especially regarding the family's responsibilities in child bearing, child rearing, self-care and in influencing their children to adopt a healthy lifestyle. 22. - Disease prevention and control: Drugs alone will not solve health problems. Without health education, a person may fall sick again and again from the same disease. Educating the people about the prevention and control of locally endemic diseases is the first of the eight essential activities in primary health care. 23. - Psychological health: Psychological health problem can occur everywhere. There is a tendency to an increase in the prevalence of psychological diseases when there is a change in society from agriculture to an industrial economy and when people move from the warm intimacy of a village. 24. - Prevention of accidents: Accidents are a feature of the complexity of modern life. Accidents can occur in home, road and place of work. The predominant factor in accidents is carelessness that can be tackled by health education. 25. - Use of health services: Many people, particularly in rural areas, do not know what health services are available and many more do not know. There is a communication gap between the public and state health administration in the form of feedback for further improvement of health services. One of the declared aims of health education is to inform people about the health services available in their community. 26. PLANNING FOR HEALTH EDUCATION planning: is the process of making thoughtful and systemic decision about what needs to be done , how it has to be done, by whom And with what sources. 27. Principles of planning health education 1) Focus on actual current needs and context of community: It is important that plans are made with the needs and context of the community in mind. Health education should try to understand what is currently happening in the community one works in. 2) Plan for basic needs and interest of the community: Consider the basic needs and interests of the community. If the local needs and interests are not kept under consideration, the plans may not be effective. 28. 3) Planning with actual beneficiaries of health education: Plan with the people involved in the implementation of an activity. If people are included in planning, they will be more likely to participate and the plan will be more likely to succeed. 4) Identify and use all relevant community resources: It is essential that the health educator identify all the relevant resources that are locally available which could be used for benefit of people receiving the health education. 29. 5) Follow principle of flexibility: Planning should be flexible, not rigid. One should be able to modify the plans when necessary. For example, you would have to change your priorities if a new problem needing an urgent response arose. 6) A realistic plan not hypothetical: The planned activity should be achievable and take into consideration the financial, personal resources available and time constraints. Planning must be realistic; do not plan unachievable activities. 30. Steps in planning health education Planning is a continuous process. It does not just happen at the start of project . Health education must be well planned to actually improve and promote individual, family and community health 31. - Needs assessment: Conducting needs assessment is the first and probably the most important step in any successful planning process. assessment is the process of identifying and understanding the health problems of the community and their possible causes. - Identify priorities: After identifying the needs and resources of the community, the next is to identify their priorities because each community may have several problems but the urgent have to be given top priority in health education. For example: goitre 32. - Set the goals and objectives: In planning the process of health education, setting goals and objectives is the third and most essential step because these goals and objectives serve as consciously thought baseline parameters to be achieved during health education. - Develop strategies: Prior to the implementation of the health education intervention one must plan, develop and evaluate the several alternative strategies to achieve the set goals and objectives of health education because each problem and target community is quite unique. 33. - Implementation: This is the core phase of the health education process which includes carrying out the planned strategies so that the set goals and objectives of health education may be achieved. - Monitor and evaluation: This is the final step of the planning process of health education where continuous monitoring as well as end evaluation is carried out to ensure the degree to which stated goals and objectives have been achieved. 34. LEVELS/APPROACH OF HEALTH EDUCATION 35. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL - Individual Approach: The health education must first create an atmosphere of friendship and allow the individual to talk as much as possible. In this individual teaching we can discuss, argue and persuade the individual to change his behaviour. But by this we can reach to a small population and who come in contact with us. Methods of individual health education 1) Home visit 2) Personal contact/ counselling 3) Personnel letters 36. 1) Home visit: A home visit is one of the best approaches for individual health education because it can become one of the best opportunities for health education with individuals and their families. Home visits are important to understand the real background of families, their living conditions and the environment in which they live. 37. 2) Personal contact/counseling : Personal contacts or counselling (one-to-one communication) is a helping process where one person explicitly and purposefully gives his or her time to assist people explore their situations and act on a solution. After this the counsellor needs to work together with the person to find solutions that are appropriate to their situation. 38. 3) personal letters: Personal letters may also be used for individual health education, where health educators may get an opportunity to dispatch letters or printed education material to the people in a target community. 39. GROUP LEVEL Group health education may be useful way to deliver health education massages in efficient manner. A well organized group permits sharing of experiences and skills so that people are able to learn from each other. 40. Methods of group discussion 1)Lecture method: (Chalk & Talk ) A lecture may be defined as carefully prepared oral presentation of facts organized thoughts and ideas by a qualified person. The group should not be more than 30 and talk should not exceed 15-20 minutes. By using suitable audiovisual aids. 2) Group discussion: A group is an aggregation of people interacting in a face to face situation. It is a very effective method of health communication. 41. 3) Demonstration: A demonstration is a carefully prepared presentation to show how to perform a skill. This procedure is carried out step by step before an audience. 4) Panel discussion: In a panel discussion 4-8 qualified persons talk about the topic. Sit and discuss a given topic in front of a large group/audience. The chairman opens the meeting. Panel comprises of a chair person and 4-8 speakers. After the main aspect of the subject are explored, the audience is invited to take part. 42. 5) Symposium: It is a series of speeches on a selected subject. Each expert person present it briefly and at the end of session the chair person make a comprehensive summary. Audience are allowed to raise question. 6) Workshops : It consists of series of meetings usually 4 or more with emphasis on an individual work, within the group and with the help of consultants and response personnel. 7) Role play: This is a brief acting out of an actual situation for the benefit of the audience for better understanding. 43. 8) Conference and seminars: This programmes are usually held on a regional, state/national level. Where several experts from different disciplines meet to deliberate on a particular theme, to appraise others of latest knowledge and research in a particular field. 9) Open forum: It refers to the public meeting which are held for various purposes in the community, for example: gram sabha 44. COMMUNITY LEVEL It is meant for a defined community and is not only to create awareness but also to help people understand their health problems and needs, find alternatives solutions to their problems and needs , implement them, evaluate and get feedback and accordingly do the needful. For health education at the community level, it is better to approach local leaders who are influential and who have the peopleâs confidence. These may include local officers such as gramsevak, panchayat sarpanch ,police officer or block development officer etc . 45. HOSPITAL LEVEL 1) Health Education in OPD/Outdoor: The patient and his attendants have to spend a lot of time in the outpatient department for health check-up, treatment, registration, diagnosis, admission procedure etc. This period can be utilised for health education. For this, the following means/devices can be used: - Exhibiting pictures, posters, charts, bulletin board and models in the waiting hall. - Arranging group discussion, slide show, or documentary film in a proper place and on a proper topic. - Giving health education on a personal level in the consulting room. This mainly includes nutrition clinic, family planning clinic, psychiatric clinic etc. 46. - Distributing pamphlets. - Arranging street plays or nukkad naatak in the outpatient department or its neighbourhood. 47. 2) Health Education in wards/ IPD: While taking care of the patients the indoor patients, doctors s have the opportunities to educate them. This period can be fully utilised to give health education to the patients. For this the following methods can be effective: - Conversation with the patient and motivating him for change in his behaviour. - Imparting health education by arranging live demonstration for nutrition, treatment, diagnosis etc. - Providing clinical or bedside teaching. - Providing incidental teaching to patient and his attendants. 48. - Presenting examples. To describe the gains of health education in an individual suffering from the same health education in an individual suffering from the same disease and arranging a meeting between the patient and the cured old patients.